Unit+03+-+Chapter+23+Review

Directions: At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier. = = = Identification: =
 * Questions for Industrialization and Revolution (Ch. 23) **
 * AP World History [B] **

Thomas Malthus



The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was a **British cleric and scholar**, influential in the fields of **political economy and demography**. Malthus became widely known for his theories about change in population. His ** An Essay on the Principle of Population ** observed that ** sooner or later population would be checked by famine and disease **, leading to what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe. He wrote in ** opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible **. He thought that the dangers of population growth make progress towards a ** utopian society impossible ** : "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man". As a cleric, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviors. Adam Smith ==== **Adam Smith** (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy and Capitalism. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and **An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)**. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the **"father of modern economics"** and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. Smith laid the **foundations of classical free market economic theory**. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, he expounded upon how **rational self-interest** and **competition** can lead to economic prosperity. ==== Karl Marx-- Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and historian that laid the basis for Marxism and how capital relates to labour and the economy. He stayed in Germany, France, and London for most of his life. He is most known for his books, Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto. He is known to be one of the most influential figures in human history, with his ideas leading to the founding of the USSR and the PRC. -- Alex Hunt Fredrich Engels



(1820 –1895) a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, **and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx**. In 1845 he **published The Condition of the Working Class in England**, based on personal observations and research. In 1848 he **co-authored The Communist Manifesto** with Karl Marx, and later he **supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital**. After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital. // Das Kapital-- // The book written by Karl Marx which describes the relationship between labour and capital and how it affects society. Many of his ideas about Marxiam, although not formulated yet, are shown in the way he details how society should work. -- Alex Hunt // The Communist Manifesto // a short 1848 publication **written by the political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels**. It has since been recognized as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Commissioned by the Communist League, it **laid out the League's purposes and program**. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and the problems of capitalism, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms. The book contains Marx and Engels' theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then eventually communism. // The Wealth of Nations- // An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity and free markets. - Francois N. // Common Sense- // A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain in the summer of 1776. In clear, simple language it explained the advantages of and the need for immediate independence. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution and became an immediate sensation. It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. Washington had it read to all his troops, which at the time had surrounded the British army in Boston. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history. - Francois N. // Declaration of Independence- // Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument. Here, in exalted and unforgettable phrases, Jefferson expressed the convictions in the minds and hearts of the American people. The political philosophy of the Declaration was not new; its ideals of individual liberty had already been expressed by John Locke and the Continental philosophers. What Jefferson did was to summarize this philosophy in "self-evident truths" and set forth a list of grievances against the King in order to justify before the world the breaking of ties between the colonies and the mother country.The Second Continental Congress represents the people of the new nation called the United States of America. This declaration informs all the people of the world that the 13 united colonies are free from British rule and any political connections with Great Britain. The declaration also serves to appeal to the people of the world to understand the reasons why this separation is justifiable.The independent states claim the power to levy war, make peace, make alliances with foreign nations, conduct trade, and to do anything else that independent states have the right to do. **-Rachael J.** // The Federalist Papers // a series of **85 articles and essays** written by **Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution**. Seventy-seven were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October of 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist; or, The New Constitution, was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean. The series' correct title is The Federalist; the title The Federalist Papers did not emerge until the twentieth century. // Declaration of The Rights of Man and Citizen // of August **1789** is a fundamental **document of the French Revolution** and in the history of human rights. It **defines the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal**. Influenced by the doctrine of **"natural right"**, the rights of man are held to be universal: **valid at all times and in every place,** pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. It is included in the preamble of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. **Inspired in part by the American Revolution, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French revolution and had a major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.** // The Origin of Species- // published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Its full title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. For the sixth edition of 1872, the short title was changed to The Origin of Species. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. - J. Arellano James Watt- Born in Greenock on 18 January 1736. His father was a prosperous shipwright. Watt initially worked as a maker of mathematical instruments, but soon became interested in steam engines.The first working steam engine had been patented in 1698 and by the time of Watt's birth, Newcomen engines were pumping water from mines all over the country. In around 1764, Watt was given a model Newcomen engine to repair. He realised that it was hopelessly inefficient and began to work to improve the design. He designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented enormous losses of steam. His first patent in 1769 covered this device and other improvements on Newcomen's engine.Watt's partner and backer was the inventor John Roebuck. In 1775, Roebuck's interest was taken over by Matthew Boulton who owned an engineering works in Birmingham. Together he and Watt began to manufacture steam engines. Boulton & Watt became the most important engineering firm in the country, meeting considerable demand. Initially this came from Cornish mine owners, but extended to paper, flour, cotton and iron mills, as well as distilleries, canals and waterworks. In 1785, Watt and Boulton were elected fellows of the Royal Society.By 1790, Watt was a wealthy man and in 1800 he retired and devoted himself entirely to research work. He patented several other important inventions including the rotary engine, the double-action engine and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure inside the engine. Watt died on August 18,1989. The watt was named in his honor. ~Cheyenne Johnson John Kay - (17 June 1704 – c. 1779) was the inventor of the flying shuttle, which was a key contribution to the Industrial Revolution. He is often confused with his namesake: fellow Lancastrian textile machinery inventor, the unrelated John Kay who built the first "spinning frame". In 1733, he received a patent for his most revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom.It greatly accelerated weaving, by allowing the shuttle carrying the weft to be passed through the warp threads faster and over a greater width of cloth. It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved labour over the traditional process, needing only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was needed to catch the shuttle). Kay always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed, especially when a young worker was using it in a narrow loom. **-Rachael J.** Jethro Tull (1674–1741), English agriculturalist. In 1701, **he invented the seed drill**, a machine that could sow seeds in accurately spaced rows at a controlled rate, reducing the need for farm laborers Eli Whitney : ** Eli Whitney, born in 1765, is best known for his invention: the cotton gin. The cotton gin served to increase the production of cotton by making it easier to separate the cotton fiber from their seeds, which allowed the Southern U.S to produce and export cotton that much quicker, which in turn increased the hold that slavery had on their way of life. Also, by separating the seeds out of the main cotton fiber, they could take all the undamaged seeds and replant them in their plantations so that they could increase their cotton production even more. ** Robert Fulton- He was an American engineer and inventor widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. In 1800 he was commissioned by Bonaparte to work on the first practical submarine in history (named Nautilus). He is also credited with inventing some of the worlds earliest naval torpedoes for the use of the British Navy...Ashley K. Samuel Morse- ** (1791-1872) He was an American painter that later became an inventor. He invented a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was also the co-developer of the Morse code, and he helped develop the commercial use of telegraphy. -Manna T ** Charles Dickens (1812–70), **English novelist**; full name Charles John Huffam Dickens. His novels are notable for their satirical humor and treatment of contemporary social problems, including the plight of the urban poor and the corruption and inefficiency of the legal system. Notable works include Oliver Twist(1837–38), A Christmas Carol (1843), David Copperfield (1850), and Great Expectations John Adams (1735 –1826) was the **second president of the United States** (1797–1801),having earlier served as the first vice president of the United States. An **American Founding Fathe**r, Adams was a statesman, diplomat, and a **leading advocate of American independence from Great Britain**. Well educated, he was an E**nlightenment political theorist** who promoted republicanism, as well as **a strong central government**, and wrote prolifically about his often seminal ideas, both in published works and in letters to his **wife and key adviser Abigail Adams**, as well as to other Founding Fathers. Adams was a lifelong **opponent of slavery**, having never bought a slave. In 1770, he provided a principled, controversial, and successful legal defense to British soldiers, accused in the Boston Massacre because he believed in the right to counsel and the "protection of innocence." Thomas Jefferson- He was an American Founding Father, the principle author of the Declaration of Independance and the third President of the United States. He was a spokesman for democracy and the rights of men with worldwide influence...Ashley K. George Washington George Washington (1732 – 1799) was the first President of the United States(1789–1797), the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and which remains the supreme law of the land. Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the electors in 1788, and he served two terms in office. He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Further, the peaceful transition from his presidency to the presidency of John Adams established a tradition that continues into the 21st century. Washington was hailed as "father of his country" even during his lifetime. -Jenkins John Jay Alexander Hamilton Thomas Paine Nathaniel Greene Nathanael Greene (1742–1786) was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer. Many places in the United States are named for him. Greene suffered financial difficulties in the post-war years and died suddenly of sunstroke in 1786. -Jenkins Horatio Gates- Horatio Lloyd Gates was a retired British soldier who served as an American General durin the Revolutionary War...Ashley K. Henry Lee Henry Lee III (1756 – 1818), also known as Light-Horse Harry Lee, was an early American patriot who served as the ninth Governor of Virginia and as the Virginia Representative to the United States Congress. During the American Revolution, Lee served as a cavalry officer in the Continental Army and earned the nickname "Light-Horse Harry". Lee was the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. -Jenkins Ben Franklin- Ben Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was an author, diplomat, musician, etc. As a scientist he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. Ben Franklin invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the franklin stove (basically a fire place intended to produce more heat and less smoke), a carriage odometer (those things inside of cars that tell you how far or what distance you have traveled) and the glass 'armonica' (a musical instrument that plays music through a variety of stacked glass bowls). He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire department and a university. He was also partners with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway, all of whom published the Pennsylvania Chronicle. He also became wealthy publishing Poor Richards Almanac and The Pennsylvania Gazette. And although he has made many great discoveries and inventions...Ashley K. Charles Darwin- (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. - J. Arellano Jeremy Bentham Capitalism- Wellll...in class I remember something being said about how it was anything that makes you money. Capitalism is an economic system in which trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profit in a market economy...Ashley K. Communism-- The political idea that all people are equal and all people are the government. Communism is a classless, moneyless, society in which everyone shares everything. -- Alex Hunt Socialism- Utopianism- ** Utopia is a community or society that has highly desirable perfect qualities. The word was coined in Greek by Sir Thomas More for his book Utopia (1516). Utopianism is the ideals or principles of utopian, which are idealistic and impractical schemes of political and social reform. -Manna T ** Evolution- i s the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins. All life on Earth is descended from a last universal ancestor that lived approximately 3.8 billion years ago. Repeated speciation and the divergence of life can be inferred from shared sets of biochemical and morphological traits, or by shared DNA sequences. These homologous traits and sequences are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct evolutionary histories, using both existing species and the fossil record. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Evolution by natural selection is a process inferred from three facts about populations: 1) more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to different rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable. Thus, when members of a population die they are replaced by theprogeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the environment in which natural selection takes place. This process creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation, but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of evolution include mutation and genetic drift.- J.Arellano Creationism  Nationalism- ** A belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or being attached to, one's nation. It involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of patriotism. Many people in America were nationalists and this established their basic beliefs. -Manna Thomas ** Conservatism- **in the modern era through the works of Edmund Burke in reaction to the French Revolution, which Burke believed tarnished its ideals through its excesses. Conservatives believe that the implementation of change should be minimal and gradual; they appreciate history and are more realistic than idealistic**. **-Rachael J.** Liberalism Political and economic doctrine that emphasizes the rights and freedoms of the individual and the need to limit the powers of government. Liberalism originated as a defensive reaction to the horrors of the European wars of religion of the 16th century (see Thirty Years' War). Its basic ideas were given formal expression in works by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, both of whom argued that the power of the sovereign is ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, given in a hypothetical social contract rather than by divine right (see divine kingship). In the economic realm, liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state interference in the economic life of society. -Rachael J. Utilitarianism Federalism Napoleon Maximillian Robespierre was on born May 6, 1758, in Arras, France. He was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793 he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and guillotined. Charles Marat Louis XVI- Was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, after which he was subsequently King of the French from 1791 to 1792.The first part of Louis' reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation; increased discontent among the common people ensued.Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France eventually to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the ancien régime, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His disastrous flight to Varennes in June 1791, four months before the constitutional monarchy was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign invasion. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever increasing possibility.In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested as part of the insurrection of 10 August 1792 just one month before the constitutional monarchy was abolished and a republic declared. He was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793 as a desacralized French citizen known as "Citizen Louis Capet", a nickname in reference to Hugh Capet, the founder of the Capetian dynasty – which the revolutionaries interpreted as Louis' family name. In the meantime, the French Republic had been proclaimed 21 September 1792. Louis XVI is the only King of France ever to be executed, and his death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. *Bourban monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution (1792). In 1789 summoned the Estates-Genral but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.-Cynthia Boboy Czar Alexander I Klemens von Metternich Charles Talleyrand Touissant L’overture- was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into the independent black state of Haiti.The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout theNew World.Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue; he was by then a free person of color. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo, Toussaint switched allegiance to the French when they abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue. He restored the plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.In 1801 he promulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, with himself as governor for life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803. *Leader of the slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791;led to creation of independent republic in Haiti in 1804.-Cynthia Boboy
 * belief in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society. **
 * a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to abrupt change; specifically : such a philosophy calling for lower taxes, limited government regulation of business and investing, a strong national defense, and individual financial responsibility for personal needs (as retirement income or health-care coverage). **

__ Review Questions: __
> Why does Napoleon decide to sell the Louisiana to the United States? Because he needs money and fast! to fund a war. More land more problems.
 * 1) What factors are necessary for industrialization to occur?
 * 2) Where does the Industrial Revolution begin? The Industrial Revolution predomiantily begins in Great Britian, with most technological advances taking places and begin used in the cities in Great Britian. -- Alex Hunt
 * 3) What are the various “isms”, and how do they impact the long 19th century?
 * 4) What is the importance of the various written works listed above?
 * 5) What is the significance of the following groups of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?
 * 6) What impact does the Industrial Revolution have on the family structure?
 * 7) How does the Industrial Revolution shape the political environment of the 19th century?
 * 8) What is the difference between Liberalism and Conservatism? How do these philosophies shape the world after 1750?
 * 9) How does industrialization impact society on the whole? How does this change as the century progresses?
 * 10) How does Capitalism vary from Socialism and/or Communism?
 * 11) What were the various responses to the problems associated with industrialization?
 * 12) What were the technological advancements that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, who created them, and how do they impact society?
 * 13) What are the significant social changes that occur in the Western world from 1750 to 1914? How do these changes impact the labor classes? How do these changes affect institutions like slavery?
 * 14) What are the significant battles of the American Revolution, and what are the outcomes of these battles?
 * 15) Who are the significant actors in the American Revolution? (don’t forget that the French and British are involved in the war as well)
 * 16) What impact does the Enlightenment have on the political revolutions of the time period?
 * 17) Who lost the American Revolution?
 * 18) What are the various forms of government that are employed by the United States following the Revolution?
 * 19) What were the problems associated with the Articles of Confederation?
 * 20) What events led to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787?
 * 21) What does the Federal Constitution do? What powers and responsibilities are provided for by the document?
 * 22) What is the Bill of Rights? Why was it added to the Federal Constitution? What rights are guaranteed by it?
 * 23) What is the difference between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists? Who were the leaders of these factions?
 * 24) How does the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?
 * 25) Why is the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette significant?
 * 26) Why does Louis XVI call the Estates General?
 * 27) What were the various forms of government that were employed by the French after 1789?
 * 28) What events led to the Reign of Terror? Why does it end?- The death of King Louis the 17th started the Reign of Terror and the conflict between the rival political factions, the Girondons and the Jacobins. The Reign of Terror ends when Robespierre, the man in charge of all of the executions, gets executed himself which causes the decline of radicalism in France. - Francois N
 * 29) What were the problems faced by the French as they attempted to implement Republican government?
 * 30) How does the French Revolution impact the development of Liberalism in Europe during the nineteenth century?
 * 31) What factors led to the rise of Napoleon?
 * 32) What reforms and changes were implanted in France by Napoleon?
 * 33) The Napoleonic Wars had several climatic battles. What were the results of each battle, and how did those battles shape the world?
 * 34) Would Napoleon’s dictatorship be considered a liberal or conservative government?
 * 35) What was the significance of Napoleon’s foray into Egypt?
 * 36) Evaluate Napoleon’s [[image:http://giantsavings-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19"]] as a military leader. Is is reputation deserved?
 * 37) How did the United States win the War of 1812, especially since it backed the losing side?
 * 38) What is the impact of the War of 1812 on the United States? It showed everyone that we could beat britian
 * 39) What are the major political developments that take place in the United States from 1815 to 1860?
 * 40) How does Touissant L’overture impact the United States both in the short term and in the long term?
 * 41) What is the Continental System? The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade.This embargo ended on April 11, 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication.- **Rachael J.**
 * 1) How did Alexander I respond to the implementation of the Continental System?
 * 2) In terms of military tactics what is meant by the term “scorched earth”?
 * 3) Why did Napoleon invade Russia? What were the consequences of that invasion?
 * 4) What were the “Hundred Days”? -The Hundred Days,sometimes known as the Hundred Days of Napoleon or Napoleon's Hundred Days marked the period between Emperor Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on March 20, 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on July 8,1815 (a period of 111 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign and the Neapolitan War. The phrase les Cent Jours was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the King.Napoleon returned while the Congress of Vienna was sitting. On 13 March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on 25 March, five days after his arrival in Paris, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule.This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821. Basically the "Hundred Days" was the The brief period in 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power,deposing the French King and again became emperor of France.-Cynthia Boboy
 * 5) What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?
 * 6) Who were the major actors at the Congress of Vienna?
 * 7) Metternich attempted to establish a Balance of [[image:http://giantsavings-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="19"]] at the Congress of Vienna. What exactly is meant by this term, and how successful was Metternich in achieving this goal?
 * 8) How does the Congress of Vienna impact the United States?
 * 9) What is the Holy Alliance? How does the United States react to it?
 * 10) What is the importance of the Monroe Doctrine, and why does the United States implement it?
 * 11) Europe is wracked by revolutions in 1848. Why do these revolutions occur, where do they occur, and who were some of the significant actors?
 * 12) Why do the Russians seem to escape the Revolutions that seem to flare up all over Europe in the 1840s?
 * 13) What factors lead to the unification of Italy and Germany?
 * 14) Who were the principle actors involved in the unification of Italy and Germany?
 * 15) The Franco Prussian War of 1870 had several notable consequences that reverberated throughout Europe for the next hundred years. What were the changes brought about by this conflict and what were the long and short term consequences?
 * 16) What were the significant political developments of the Civil War?
 * 17) Wars are often great engines of change both socially and militarily. What were the social and military changes/innovations that occurred during the American Civil War?
 * 18) What role does nationalism play in the development of Europe during the long 19th century?
 * 19) What cultural changes occur in Europe and America during the long 19th century? (we’re looking for artistic and literary changes)
 * 20) What were the significant scientific and technological developments of the long 19th century?
 * 21) How do nationalism, liberalism, Darwinism, socialism, racism, materialism and industrialization all fit together?