Unit+03+-+Chapter+24+-+Review

Questions for Imperialism and Revolution AP World History [B] = __Important Dates__: = 1850- comprimise of 1850- was a package of five bills passed in the United States in September 1850, which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas, avoided secession or civil war and reduced sectional conflict for four years.
 * __ Directions __** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier.

1857 - The Indian Revolt of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region, and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858. The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Rebellion of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The Mutiny was a result of various grievances. However the flashpoint was reached when the soldiers were asked to bite off the paper cartridges for their rifles which were greased with animal fat, namely beef and pork. This was, and is, against the religious beliefs of Hindus and Muslims, respectively. Other regions of Company-controlled India – such as Bengal, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency – remained largely calm. In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing soldiers and support. The large princely states of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Maratha leaders, such as Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India half a century later; however, they themselves "generated no coherent ideology" for a new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858. It also led the British to reorganize the army, the financial system and the administration in India. The country was thereafter directly governed by the crown as the new British Raj. - J Arellano

1861-1865 American Civil War 1869- Opening of the Suez Canal.-Cynthia Boboy 1870 1876  1879  1884  1898- Spanish rule in the Americas ended in 1898 when they lost their final colonies to the United States following the Spanish-American War...Ashley K.  1898-1902-- Spainish-American War, caused by many reasons, one of which being Americas ongoing support of Cuba against its Spainish ruler. This war would be the first war fought overseas by the US. The war was fought on the islands of the phillipines. -- Alex Hunt 1904-1905

= Identification: = Battle of Plassy Robert Clive- Major-General Robert Clive was a British officer who established the military and political supremecy of the East India Company in Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown. Together with Warren Hostings he was one of the key early figures in the creation of British India. He also set as a Tory Member of parliament in Great Britian...Ashley K. Lord Cornwallis Otto von Bismarck -Conservative Prime minister of Prussia;architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870;utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. As Minister President of Prussia 1862–90, Bismarck provoked wars that made Prussia dominant over Austria and France, and lined up the smaller German states behind Prussia. In 1867 he also became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor of a united Germany after the 1871 Treaty of Versailles and largely controlled its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname the "Iron Chancellor".He used balance-of-power diplomacy to keep Europe peaceful in the 1870s and 1880s. He created a new nation-state and led the way to the welfare state. He disliked colonialism but reluctantly built an overseas empire when it was demanded by both elite and mass opinion. Bismarck (a devout Lutheran) was loyal to his king, who in turn gave Bismarck his full support. While his new German Empire had universal male suffrage, the elected officials did not have real control of the government. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a Junker elite representing the landed aristocracy in the east.-Cynthia Boboy Klemens von Metternich Rudyard Kipling Cecil Rhodes -British entrepreneur in South Africa around 1900; manipulated political situation in South Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics;encouraged Boer Was as means of destroying Boer independence;also involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa to Central Africa-Cynthia Boboy Alfred Thayer Mahan David Livingstone **Perhaps one of the most popular national heroes of the late 19th century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone had a mythic status, which operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial empire.** **His fame as an explorer helped drive forward the obsession with discovering the sources of the River Nile that formed the culmination of the classic period of European geographical discovery and colonial penetration of the African continent. At the same time his missionary travels, "disappearance" and death in Africa, and subsequent glorification as posthumous national hero in 1874 led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European " Scramble for Africa ". -Rachael J.**

Herbert Spencer Lord Kitchener Ferdinand de Lesseps Boers- Boer is the Dutch and Afrikaan word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (which are together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. Their primary motivations for leaving the Cape were to escape Britiah rule and extract themselves from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the tribes on the eastern frontier. Boers are a distinct group of the larger Afrikaner nation. Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony....Ashley K. The Suez Canal- is an artificial sea-level  waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea  and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe  and Asia  without navigation around Africa.

Jingoism- ** Jingoism is a patriotism in the form of an aggressive foreign policy. It also refers to bias against free trade with foreign nations, generally by saying that domestic <span style="background-color: transparent !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; font-size: 15px !important; font-style: normal !important; font-variant: normal !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; line-height: 21px !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> are damaged by engaging in trade. The term originated in Britain, expressing an argumentative attitude toward Russia in the 1870s. - Manna Thomas ** Berlin Conference Franco-Prussian War Spanish-American War- The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and theUnited States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine–American War.
 * The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference " or West Africa Conference ,regulated European colonization and trade in <span class="wiki_link_ext">Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by <span class="wiki_link_ext">Otto von Bismarck , first Chancellor of Germany , its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference , can be seen as the formalization of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Scramble for Africa  . The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, while simultaneously eliminating most existing forms of African <span class="wiki_link_ext">autonomy  and self-governance. -Rachael J. **

Revolts against Spanish rule had occurred for some years in Cuba. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. In the late 1890s, American public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by journalists such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst which used yellow journalism to criticize Spanish administration of Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid.Compromise was sought by Spain, but rejected by the United States which sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.-Rachael J. Crimean War- Fought between 1854 and began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire;opposed by France and Britain as well;resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology;led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II.T he immediate issue involved the rights of Christians in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Orthodox. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. Russia lost and the Ottomans gained a twenty-year respite from Russian pressure. The Christians were granted a degree of official equality and the Orthodox gained control of the Christian churches in dispute. Russia survived, gained a new appreciation for its religious diversity, and launched a reform program with far-reaching consequences.[9]Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in October 1853 over Russia's rights to protect Orthodox Christians. Russia gained the upper hand after destroying the Ottoman fleet at the Black Sea port of Sinope; to stop Russia's conquest France and Britain entered in March 1854. Most of the fighting took place for control of the Black Sea, with land battles on the Crimean peninsula in southern Russia. The Russians held their great fortress at Sevastopol for over a year. After it fell, peace became possible, and was arranged at Paris in March 1856. The religion issue had already been resolved. The main results were that the Black Sea was neutralised—Russia would not have any warships there—and the two provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent under nominal Ottoman rule.-Cynthia Boboy Russo-Japanese War- War between Japan and Russia over territory in Manchuria beginning in 1905;Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance. Russia sought a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. Vladivostok was only operational during the summer season, but Port Arthur would be operational all year. From the end of the First Sino-Japanese War and 1903, negotiations between Russia and Japan had proved impractical. Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused this, so Japan chose war to counter the Russian aggression in Asia. After discussions broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy attacked the Russian eastern fleet at Port Arthur, a naval base in the Liaotung province leased to Russia by China, which led to war. The Japanese defeated the Russians in a series of battles on land and at sea. -Cynthia Boboy American Civil War- The Mahdist Revolt Muhammad Achmad Khalifa Abdallahi Battle of Omdurman Zulu Wars Battle of Isandhlwana The Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 was the **first major encounter in the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom**. Eleven days after the British commenced their invasion of Zululand in South Africa, a **Zulu force of some 20,000 warriors attacked a portion of the British main column consisting of about 1,800 British, colonial and native troops and perhaps 400 civilians**. The Zulus were equipped mainly with the traditional **assegai iron spears and cow-hide shields**, but also had a number of muskets and old rifles though they were not formally trained in their use.The **British and colonial troops were armed with the state-of-the-art Martini-Henry breech-loading rifle and two 7 pounder artillery pieces as well as a rocket battery**. Despite **a vast disadvantage in weapons technology, the numerically superior Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the poorly led and badly deployed British**, killing over 1,300 troops, including all those out on the forward firing line. The Zulu army suffered around a thousand killed. The battle was a **decisive victory for the Zulus** and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand. The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against a technologically inferior indigenous force. Isandlwana resulted in the British taking a much more aggressive approach in the Anglo–Zulu War, leading to a heavily reinforced second invasion and the destruction of King Cetshwayo's hopes of a negotiated peace.-Maddie Measom Boer War- Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independance of Boer republic. It resulted in a British victory. But it began the process of decolonization in South Africa. The Boer Wars were two wars fought during 1880-1881 and 1899-1902 by the Britosh Empire against the settlers of two independent Boer Republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic....Ashley K. HMS //Dreadnought//
 * The American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States , or simply the Civil War in the United States , was a <span class="wiki_link_ext">civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States after several Southern <span class="wiki_link_ext">slave states  declared their <span class="wiki_link_ext">secession  and formed the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Confederate States of America  (the "Confederacy" or the " <span class="wiki_link_ext">South  "). The states that remained were known as the " <span class="wiki_link_ext">Union  " or the " <span class="wiki_link_ext">North  ". The <span class="wiki_link_ext">war had its origin  in the fractious issue of <span class="wiki_link_ext">slavery  , especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.Foreign powers did not intervene. After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult <span class="wiki_link_ext">Reconstruction  process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. - Rachael J. **

**__ Review Questions: __**
> Expansion westward seemed perfectly natural to many Americans in the mid-nineteenth century. Like the Massachusetts Puritans who hoped to build a "city upon a hill, "courageous pioneers believed that America had a divine obligation to stretch the boundaries of their noble republic to the Pacific Ocean. Independence had been won in the Revolution and reaffirmed in the War of 1812. The spirit of nationalism that swept the nation in the next two decades demanded more territory. The "every man is equal" mentality of the Jacksonian Era fueled this optimism. Now, with territory up to the Mississippi River claimed and settled and the Louisiana Purchase explored, Americans headed west in droves. Newspaper editor John O'Sullivan coined the term " manifest destiny " in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset.
 * 1) What are Liberalism and Conservatism, and how do they compare to one another?
 * 2) What is the significance of the Battle of Plassy?
 * 3) What is the impact of the Seven Years War on European colonization
 * 4) What are the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
 * 5) Where do these companies operate, how are they organized, what role do they play in their respective countries colonial efforts?
 * 6) How were the land empires of 18th century Asia accumulated?
 * 7) Why does the British government assume control of India from the East India Company?
 * 8) Which European nations were the dominant forces of colonization during the 19th century, and where were their efforts located?
 * 9) What factors contributed to the neo-colonial movements of the late 19th century?
 * 10) What was the significance of India to the British Empire?
 * 11) What’s a nabob? ** - A Muslim official or governor under the Mogul empire- Manna Thomas **
 * 12) Who was the Raj? Why is he significant?
 * 13) What was the Black Hole of Calcutta?
 * 14) What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion?
 * 15) Why is the unification of Germany by Bismarck significant?
 * 16) What is the significance of Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron” speech?
 * 17) What is Social Darwinism? Social Darwinism is a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s, and which allegedly sought to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Different social Darwinists have different views about which groups of people are the strong and the weak, and they also hold different opinions about the precise mechanism that should be used to promote strength and punish weakness. Many such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism; but similar concepts have motivated ideas of eugenics, racism, imperialism, fascism, Nazism and struggle between national or racial groups.Social Darwinism is the idea that biological theories can be extended and applied to the social realm ; the belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority ,such as the Europeans having the right to imperialize because they are stronger.-Cynthia Boboy
 * 18) What role does it play in the European colonial movement?
 * 19) What is “jingoism”? Jingoism is a patriotism in the form of an aggressive foreing policy. Jingoism also refers to bias against free trade with foreign nations, generally by claiming that domestic jobs are damaged by engaging in trade. In practice, it is a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against peaceful relations, either economic or political, with other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism. The term originated in Britain, expressing a pugnacious attitude toward Russia in the 1870s, and appeared in the American press by 1893...Ashley K.
 * 20) What is nationalism and what is its role regarding imperialism?
 * 21) What is the “White Man’s Burden"?
 * 22) What are the causes and effects of the Boer War? Where is it fought, and who are the combatants?
 * 23) What is the importance of Cecil Rhodes to Africa and imperialism?
 * 24) How does the Haitian Revolution impact the Western Hemisphere?
 * 25) Manifest Destiny was that drove Americans to settle the West.
 * 26) What is this Manifest Destiny and how does it work?-
 * 1) What is the Monroe Doctrine, and why does the American government issue it?
 * 2) How do technological and tactical advancements from the American Civil War impact Western imperialism?
 * 3) Who is William Seward, and why is he significant regarding American expansion?
 * 4) The Spanish American War lasted less than half a year and yet was very significant in terms of American Imperialism. Why?
 * 5) What territory was acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Spanish-American War?
 * 6) What is the Japanese response to American expansion in the Pacific during the late nineteenth century?
 * 7) When does the American Frontier officially close?
 * 8) Who were the significant American Generals that fought the Indian Wars of the late nineteenth century?
 * 9) Who were the significant Indian chiefs from this time period?
 * 10) What were the important battles of the Indian Wars
 * 11) What is genocide? Be able to provide concrete examples of atrocities that were committed to this end. Genocide is "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group", though what constitutes enough of a "part" to qualify as genocide has been subject to much debate by legal scholars. Some examples of this would be the genocide in Rwanda, Armenian genocide and the holocaust...Ashley K.
 * 12) Who is Queen Victoria, and how does she shape the time period? Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son ofKing George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.-Rachael J
 * 13)  It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire
 * 14) How do the indigenous of Africa and Asia people respond to European Imperialism?
 * 15) What fueled the European scramble for Africa?
 * 16) What was the importance of the Battle of Isandlhwana?
 * 17) Why was the Mahdist Rebellion so important regarding European colonization of NE Africa?
 * 18) The Battle of Omdurman holds a significant place – particularly in military history – because of…?
 * 19) Why was the Suez Canal of such importance to the British Empire?
 * 20) What is a White Dominion?
 * 21) Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population. Small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest. Typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century....Ashley K.