Unit+02+Review+(19-22)

Directions: The Identification Questions will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. Be thorough answering these questions. Many of them require answers of more than five contiguous sentences. Remember to eliminate the links if you’re copying and pasting from other sources. = __Identification__: =

The //**encomienda**// was a legal system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the America to regulate Native American labor and autonomy. In the //encomienda//, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products. In practice, the difference between //encomienda// and slavery could be minimal.Many natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. peninsulares/peninsulars were people living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent. The term was used as a racial category in the Casta system that was in use during the Spanish empire's control of their American colonies. To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term //mestizo//, mixed-race people started to be referred collectively as //castas//. During the colonial period, mestizos quickly became the majority group in much of what is today the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America, and when the colonies started achieving independence from Spain, the mestizo group often became dominant. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the "mestizo" became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly indigenous and the word mestizo acquired its current double meaning of mixed cultural heritage and descent. ==**Elbushra - ** Treaty of Tordesilas (1494)--This treaty was signed in Spain in 1494 and authenticated in Portugal. What the treaty did was divide the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain along the Meridian. They divided the new lands East and West, Portugal received the East and Spain received the West. ==
 * Ali - **//encomienda//
 * Arellano - **//mita -// was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor. public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network; military service was also mandatory, and all citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number a days out of a year (the basic meaning of the word //mit'a// is a regular //turn// or a //season//). Incas who were lazy were hung, stoned, or pushed off of a cliff. Due to the Inca Empire's wealth, a family would often only require sixty-five days to farm; the rest of the year was devoted entirely to the //mita//. **The Spanish conquistadors also utilized the same labor system to supply the workforce they needed for the silver mines, which was the basis of their economy in the colonial period. The conquistadors used the concept of //mit'a// to suit their own needs.**
 * Baker - **Bartholome de Las Casas
 * Barner - **Juana Ines de la Cruz: ** Originally born in New Spain, or the Spanish colonies, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz was a nun, author, poet, musician, and a social thinker. She was most remembered for her magnificent poems and writing skills which won her the recognition rarely given to women for intellectual achievements in Latin America. Catholicism affected her in that when she was admitted to the court in the viceroyality in Mexico City, she gave up her secular concerns and moved towards promoting primarily spiritual matters. She aided in the combining church and state to create the political framework for the society and economy of Spanish America. **
 * Bassett - **//Potosi//
 * Bates - **//Huancavelica __** -- -- **__// Huancavelica is a city in the country of Peru, in South America. It was founded in 1572 on august 5th by the Viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo. The area around Huancavelica was had the more mercury then anywhere else in South America. Mercury is required for removing silver from its ore so Hiancavelica soon became the backbone of the spanish silver trade. The Viceroy of Peru declared it one of the two pillars that supportred Spain, he even said that the other 'pillar' Potosi could be despensed of, but Huancavelica was to important to the empire to ever be..
 * Boboy - **Peninsular- a peninsular ( Spanish pronunciation: [peninsuˈlar], pl. peninsulares) was a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas or Philippines (known as creoles). The word "peninsular" makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, where Spain is located.Higher offices in the Americas and Philippines were held by peninsulares and often peninsulares possessed large quantities of land.In colonial social hierarchy, the peninsulares were nominally at the top, followed by the criollos(creoles), who developed a fully entrenched powerful local aristocracy during the seventeenth and eighteenth century.
 * Caliman - **Mestizos:
 * Eubank - **Herando Cortes
 * Fackrell - **Francisco Pizarro
 * Gilbert - **Ines Suarez
 * Harper - **Juan Gines de Sepulvdeda

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1489 – 17 November 1573) was a Spanish humanist, philosopher and theologian. In 1533 and 1534 he wrote to Desiderius Erasmus from Rome concerning differences between Erasmus's Greek New Testament (the Textus Receptus), and the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209. He was the adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550 concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies. Sepúlveda was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World. He argued on the base of natural law philosophy(to the use of reason to analyze human nature —both social and personal—and deduce binding rules of moral behavior from it) and developed a position which was different from the position of the School of Salamanca, as represented famously by Francisco de Vitoria. The Valladolid Controversy was o rganized by King Charles V (grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella) to give an answer to the question whether the Native Americans were capable of self-governance. Sepúlveda defended the position of the colonists, although he had never been to America, claiming that the Amerindians were "natural slaves " as defined by Aristotle in Book I of Politics. "Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus." He said the natives are "as children to parents, as women are to men, as cruel people are from mild people". Although Aristotle was a primary source for Sepúlveda's argument, he also pulled from various Christian and other classical sources, including the Bible. Las Casas utilized the same sources in his counterargument. According to Bartolomé de las Casas, Jesus had power over all people in the world, including those who had never heard of Christianity. However, he thought that Christianity should be presented to natives as a religious option, not an obligation as Sepulveda believed. Las Casas thought they should be governed just like any other people in Spain, while Sepúlveda thought they should become slaves. Today, Sepúlveda's opinions would be considered extremely racist, though in the 16th century they were not extraordinary. At the end of the debate, Charles V adopted neither Sepúlveda's or Las Casas' arguments, and adopted Francisco de Vitoria's recommendations. This was mine last unit Measom

Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475 – around January 12–21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the <span style="background-color: transparent !important; border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size-adjust: none !important; font-stretch: normal !important; font: 13px/19px arial,helvetica,sans-serif !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European  on the mainland of the Americas (a  by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned). Henry Hudson (born 1560s/70s AD) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle. Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region. Hudson discovered a strait and immense bay on his final expedition while searching for the Northwest Passage. In 1611, after wintering on the shore of James Bay, Hudson wanted to press on to the west, but most of his crew mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son and 7 others adrift; the Hudsons, and those cast off at their side, were never seen again. **Ferdinand Magellan** (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhã Spanish:Fernando de Magallanes; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a [|Portuguese] explorer who became known for having organised the expedition that resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. He was born in a still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Magellan did not complete the entire voyage, as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (For background see Exploration of the Pacific.) The Magellanic Penguin was named for him, as he was the first European to note it; other memorials are the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies; the twin lunar craters of Magelhaens and Magelhaens A; and the Martian crater of Magelhaens Royal court of appeals of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; ther were ten in each viceroyalty (which were two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World, one in Lima and one in Mexico City and they were representatives of the King of Spain); part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates Audiencias in Spain proper The first audiencia was founded in the Kingdom of Castile in 1371 at Valladolid. The Valladolid Audiencia functioned as the highest court in Castile for the next two centuries. Appeals from the Castilian audiencias could only be made to the Council of Castile after its creation in 1480. After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the Kingdom of Spain and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492, the audiencia was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of the Tagus River, and the Royal Audiencia of Ciudad Real (1494) taking cases from south of the river. The second audiencia was moved to Granada in 1505. Under Charles V and Philip II, the audiencia system was extended first in Spain proper, with the Royal Audiencia of Aragon (1528) and then to the rest of the Spanish Empire. Audiencias in cities and provinces that belong to Spain today included Seville (1566), Las Palmas (1568), Majorca(1571), Asturias (1717), and Extremadura (1790). The audiencias and viceroys of the Crown of Aragon were overseen by the Council of Aragon, which had been established in 1494. Audiencias in Italy Audiencias in Spanish possessions in Europe included Sardinia (1564–1714) and Kingdom of Sicily (1569–1707). In Italy, the Castilian institution of the audiencia was united with the Aragonese institution of the viceroy. The Aragonese viceroys were literally "vice-kings," and as such, had to administer justice and issue laws; therefore they were integrally involved in the judicial proceedings of the Italian audiencias. In 1555 a Council of Italy was created to oversee the viceroys and audiencias in Italy. Also called the compilation of the laws of the indies the recopilacion is a body of laws issued by the spanish crown for the colonies in the new world. This system of laws regulated social, political, and economic life in the colonies. It attempted to regulate the interaction between spanish settlers and the natives in the area. The recopilacion was issued in 1680 by Charles the second. In the spanish colonies there was great conflict between the indigenous people and the spanish colonists, so to prevent this they attempted to control the natives and force them to work, while preventing conflict on policy occurred between the colonists. Suleiman I (6 November 1494 – 5/6/7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as the Lawgiver, for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. He also Built the magnificent mosque in Constantinople called Suleymaniye.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Heald - **Vasco Nunez de Balboa-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt - **Jacques Cartier
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jenkins - **Henry Hudson-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Johnson - ** Pedro Alvares Cabral-(1467-1520), Portuguese nobleman, explorer, and navigator who was the first European to see Brazil(on April 22,1500). Cabral's patron was King Manuel I of Portugal, who sent him on an expedition to India. Cabral's 13 ships left on March 9, 1500, following the route of Vasco de Gama. On April 22, 1500, he sighted land(Brazil), claiming it for Portugal and naming it the "Island of the True Cross". King Manuel renamed this land Holy Cross; it was later renamed once again, to Brazil, after a kind of dyewood found there, called pau-brasil. Cabral stayed in Brzil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India, in a trip he fought with storms, shipwrecks, at the Cape of Good Hope, and fighting, 50 of his men were killed after an attack from Muslim traders in the Calicut, India. Cabral successfully traded for spices in Cochin, India. Cabral returned to Portugal on June 23, 1501, with only 4 of the original 13 ships. After this journey, King Manuel appointed Vasco da Gama to lead the next expedition, in 1502, and Cabral retired.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jones - **Ferdinand Magellan-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juell - **John Cabot
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kirchoff - **//audiencias//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Looney - **//Recopilacion//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Martinez - **//Minas Gerias//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Measom - **Suleiman (the Magnificent)

was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman State. The State, named after him, would prevail as a world empire for almost six centuries. It existed until 1 November 1922, after being in serious decline since the early 18th century. Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299, and was acclaimed the Khan of the Kayihan tribe. The westward drive of the Mongol invasions had pushed scores of Muslims toward Osman's Anatolian principality, a power base that Osman was quick to consolidate. As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place. soldiers of the imperial armies were increasingly dominated by infantry divisions made up of troops called //Janissaries.// Most of the Janissaries had been forcibly conscripted as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the Balkans, where the majority of the population retained its Christian faith. Sometimes the boys' parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters because of the opportunities for advancement that came with service to the Ottoman sultans. was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur from the Barlas clan, through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Culturally, he was greatly influenced by the Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent. The Taj Mahal was constructed in her honor and it is her mausoleum, or grave. Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India;determined to extend Mughal control over whole subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences;incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes;died in 1707. ==== a syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great in 1582 AD, intending to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects. The elements were primarily drawn from Islam and Hinduism, but some others were also taken from Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism. Dīn-i Ilāhī appears to have survived Akbar according to the Dabestān-e Mazāheb of Mubad Shah. However, the movement never numbered more than 19 adherents. Din-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God. Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly hierarchy in this religion. ==== The Republic of Benin was formed in 1960 when the colony of [|French Dahomey] gained independence from [|France]. Prior to this, the area that is now the Republic of Benin was divided largely between two coastal kingdoms, Dahomey and Porto-Novo, and a large area of various tribes in the north. The French assembled these various groups together into the colony of French Dahomey, which was part of the various colonies of French West Africa from 1904 until 1960. In the independence era, the republic was extremely unstable for the first decade and a half of existence, with multiple governments and multiple military coups. Mfecane (Zulu: [m̩fɛˈkǀaːne], crushing or scattering), also known by the Sesotho name Difaqane or Lifaqane, was a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the period between 1815 to about 1840. As king Shaka created the militaristic Zulu Kingdom in the territory between the Tugela River and Pongola River, his forces caused a wave of warfare and disruption to sweep to other peoples. This was the prelude of the Mfecane, which spread from there. The movement of peoples caused many tribes to try to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare; consolidation of other groups, such as the Matabele, the Mfengu and the Makololo; and the creation of states such as the modern Lesotho. Mfecane is used primarily to refer to the period when Mzilikazi, a king of the Matabele, dominated the Transvaal. During his reign, roughly from 1826 to 1836, he ordered widespread killings and devastation to remove all opposition. He reorganised the territory to establish the new Ndebele order. The death toll has never been satisfactorily determined, but the whole region became nearly depopulated. Normal estimates for the death toll range from 1 million to 2 million. These numbers are however controversial. Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c. 1787 – c. 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu, was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom. He is widely credited with uniting many of the Northern Nguni people, specifically the Mtetwa Paramountcy and the Ndwandwe into the Zulu Kingdom, the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the portion of southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu Rivers, and his statesmanship and vigour marked him as one of the most prominent Zulu kings. He has been called a military genius for his reforms and innovations, and condemned for the brutality of his reign. Other historians debate about Shaka's role as a uniter, versus an usurper of traditional Zulu ruling prerogatives, and the notion of the Zulu state as a unique construction, divorced from the localised culture and the previous systems built by his predecessor Dingiswayo. Research continues into the character and methods of the Zulu warrior king, whose reign still greatly influencesSouth African culture. The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo,Benin (formerly Dahomey) and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin. In pre-colonial times it was one of the most densely populated parts of the African continent. It became one of the most important export centers for the Atlantic slave tradefrom the early 16th century to the 19th century. Other West African regions historically known by their prime colonial export are Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), Ivory Coast, and Pepper Coast (or Grain Coast, in modern-day Liberia). The slave trade became so extensive in the 18th and 19th centuries that an “Atlantic community” was formed. The slave trade was facilitated on the European end by the Portuguese (mostly by Portuguese Empire'sBrazilians, the Dutch, the French and the British. Slaves went to theNew World, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean. Ports that exported these slaves from Africa include Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Little Popo),Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, and Badagry. These ports traded in slaves that were supplied by African communities, tribes and kingdoms, including the Alladah and Ouidah, which were later taken over by the Dahomey kingdom. **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juell - **Ivory Coast  British Statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament; led abolition of English slave trade in 1807  William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833) was an English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, he began his political in 1780, eventually becoming the independent Member of Parliament for Yorkshire (1784–1812). In 1785, he underwent a conversion experience and became an evangelical Christian, which resulted in major changes to his lifestyle and a lifelong concern for reform. In 1787, he came into contact with Thomas Clarkson and a group of anti-slave-trade activists, including Granville Sharp, Hannah More and Charles Middleton. They persuaded Wilberforce to take on the cause of abolition, and he soon became one of the leading English abolitionists. He headed the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade for twenty-six years until the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Wilberforce was convinced of the importance of religion, morality and education. He championed causes and campaigns such as the Society for the Suppression of Vice, British missionary work in India, the creation of a free colony in Sierra Leone, the foundation of the Church Mission Society, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. His underlying conservatism led him to support politically and socially repressive legislation, and resulted in criticism that he was ignoring injustices at home while campaigning for the enslaved abroad. In later years, Wilberforce supported the campaign for the abolition of slavery, and continued his involvement after 1826, when he resigned from Parliament because of his failing health. That campaign led to the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which abolished slavery in most of the British Empire; Wilberforce died just three days after hearing that the passage of the Act through Parliament was assured. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to his friend William Pitt. The Kongo is an african kingdom in the center of Africa. In 1483 the portuguese explorer Diogo Cao was the first european to encounter the kingdom of kongo. He conquered the kingdom and converted the state into roman catholic. They were a major source of slaves for portuguese traders and european powers. Slaves were given and sold to portuguese merchants. Slaves were war captives from mongos expansions. a region in West Africa that consists of the Senegal and Gambia rivers and the area between them. It lies mostly in Senegal and western Mali. It was a major producer of slaves at the beginning of the slave trade. *Led Zenghe expeditions which were a series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo;led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433;only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire. an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in Manchuria. Nurhaci was part of the Aisin Gioria clan, and reigned from 1616 to his death in September 1626. Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later "Manchu"), consolidated the Eight Banners military system, and eventually launched an assault on the Ming Dynasty and Korea's Josean Dynasty. His conquest of China's northeastern Liaoning province laid the groundwork for the conquest of the rest of China by his descendants, who would go on to found the Qing Dynasty in 1644. He is also generally credited with the creation of a written script for the Manchu language. == Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a preeminent daimyo, warrior, general and politician of the Sengoku period who is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier." He succeeded his former liege lord, Oda Nobunaga, and brought an end to the Sengoku period. ==
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Monteith - **Osman Bey -
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nguyen - **Mehmed I
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rajpurohit - **Mehmed II
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rivers - **Janissaries-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schaefer - **Tanzimat Reforms- Period of reformation that began in 1839 and end with the First Constitutional Era in 1876, characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements form within and aggressive powers from outside the state, reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the different ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stern the tide of nationalist movements within the empire, it attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman Empire by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas - **Battle of Chaldiran- ** The Battle of Chaldiran occurred in 1514 and ended with a victory for the Ottomon Empire over the Safavid Empire. The Ottomans gained control over eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq. This battle led to destructive war between the 2 empires which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Ottomans had heavy artillery and and gunpowder weapons for the battle. The Safavids only had traditional weapons which made it easier for the Ottomans to <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] . The Safavids also had ill-disciplined troops and suffered from poor planning. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ali - **Babur
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arellano - **Humayan - the second Mughal Emperor who ruled a large territory consisting of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. On the eve of his death in 1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one million square kilometers. On 27 January 1556, Humayun, with his arms full of books, was descending the staircase from his library when the muezzin announced the Adhan (the call to prayer). It was his habit, wherever he heard the summons, to bow his knee in holy reverence. Kneeling, he caught his foot in his robe but some say that he was pushed while he was trying to do that, tumbled down several steps and hit his temple on a rugged stone edge. He died three days later.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Baker - **Akbar
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Barner - **Jahangir: ** Jahangir (30 August, 1569-28 October, 1627), was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. He was one of the successors to Akbar I, along with Shah Jahan. Coming after Akbar, Jahangir didn't do much along the lines of expanding the territory of the empire, he and Shah Jahan were more interested in the artistic aspect of their empire. He was responsible for expanding the painting workshops that had been started by the early Mughals, so that they could produce thousands of little miniatures. It was also a combination of Shah Jahan and Jahangir that put together the team that built the famed Taj Mahal. It was created using the best things from both Persian and Hindu architecture and traditions, like Islamic domes and arches and Persian ceramic tiles. It was also under these two rulers when the Mughal Empire reached the height of its power and splendor. Like his predecessor, Jahangir was very tolerant of the Hindu majority in his kingdom and kept most of the alliances made by Akbar. Although, Jahangir wasn't as politically focused as Akbar, he'd rather be at home, having a good time drinking and getting whatever other pleasures a shah can enjoy. It was because of these reasons why Jahangir's wife, Nur Jahan, was able to continually gain political power while her husband was out getting drunk. Before ruling too long, she retreated back to her duties as a regular mother and wife. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bassett - **Shah Jehan
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bates - **Mumtaz Jehan __** -- -- **__ Also known as Arjumand Banu, and Mumtaz Mahal. She was the second wife of the Shah Jahan, who was the emperor of the Mughal Empire, and she was his favorite. She was the daughter of Abdul Asaf Khan so she was Persian royalty. Though she could have had a lot of political influence due to her position and her husband's love for her she apparently had no ambitions for power. She died giving birth to her fourteenth child, and
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boboy - **Aurangzeb- Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Mohammad Aurangzeb, (4 November 1618 - 3 March 1707) commonly known as Aurangzeb and by his imperial titleAlamgir ("world-seizer or universe-seizer") was the sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent. He was among the wealthiest of the Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in 1690). He was a pious Muslim, and his policies partly abandoned the legacy of Akbar's secularism, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100-150 million subjects. He was a strong and effective ruler, but with his death the great period of the Mughal dynasty came to an end, and central control of the sub-continent declined rapidly.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boyer - **Din Il Ilahi
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Caliman - **King Alfonso I
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elbushra - **Benin--
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eubank - **Zimbabwe
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fackrell - **Sokoto
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gilbert - **Kilwa
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Harper - **Luanda
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Heald - **Mfecane-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt - **the Zulus
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jenkins - **Shaka
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Johnson - ** Gold Coast- on the western coast of Africa. One of the most important export centers for the Atlantic slave trade. The slave trade became so extensive in that an "Atlantic community" was formed. The slave trade was facilitated on the European end by the Portugese, Dutch, French and British. Slaves went to the New world, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean. A estimated 2-3 million slaves were exported out of the Gold Coast. Slaves as well as free men used the exchange routes to travel to new places. After slavery had been abolished by European countries, the slave trade continued for a time with independent traders.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jones - **Slave Coast
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kirchoff - **William Wilberforce
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Looney - **Kongo
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Martinez - **Asante
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Measom - **Senegambia
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Monteith - **Osei Tutu -
 * Osei Kofi Tutu I** was one of the co-founders of the Empire of Ashanti, the other being Okomfo Anokye, his chief priest. The Ashanti were a powerful, warlike, and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Osei Tutu led an alliance of Ashanti states against the regional hegemon, the Denkyira, completely defeating them. Then, through force of arms and diplomacy, he induced the rulers of the other Ashanti city-states to declare allegiance to Kumasi, his capital. Throughout his career he was politically advised by Anokye, a cleric whose spiritual authority over the people aided in his founding of the empire.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nguyen - **The Middle Passage
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rajpurohit - **Usuman Dan Fodio
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rivers - **Hausa- live primarily in the Sahelian and Sudanian areas of northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger, with significant numbers also living in parts of Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Chad, Togo, Ghana,[2] and Sudan.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schaefer - **Sokoto- City located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, the city is primarily Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria being the seat of the Sokoto Caliphate
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas - **Robert di Nobili** - (1577-1656) Robert di Nobili was an Italian Jesuit missionary to southern India (Goa). He used a novel method to of adaptation to preach Christianity, and he adapted many customs of India which were, in his view, not contrary to Christianity. He called himself a "teacher of wisdom". He preached in Cochin (Kerala) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu). He spoke in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu languages. He approached high-caste people and engaged with Hindu scholars about the truths of Christianity. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ali - **Vasco de Gama
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arellano - **Cristoforo Columbo was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus' speculative proposal, to reach the East Indies by sailing westward, eventually received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a chance to gain the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named //San Salvador//. Columbus' voyages led to the first lasting European contact with the Americas, inaugurating a period of European exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted for several centuries. They had, therefore, an enormous impact in the historical development of the modern Western world. Columbus himself saw his accomplishments primarily in the light of spreading the Christian religion. For discovering the Americas the exchange between Europe and the new world came to be known as the Columbian Exchange.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Baker - **Mencius
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Barner - **Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu): ** He was the founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China. After he and his group of soldiers successfully took over China, he aimed to get rid of all Mongol presence in the kingdom. Basically, anything related to the Mongols, reminded him of the Mongols, or looked Mongolian, was thrown out. Although suspicious of the scholar-gentry because he was from a peasant family, he once again appointed them to hold the highest positions in the imperial government. He also reinstated the examination system for the bureaucracy that was discontinued by the Mongols. In addition to this, he made many reforms to try and get rid of corruption in the government by setting a system of checks to restrain some of the power that the scholar-gentry had over the government, one of which included getting rid of the position of chief minister. To aid in the problem of wives taking over their husbands' positions, he ordered even more reforms to say that the emperor's wife may only come form a humble family, so that there would be no "power-plays" to try and win the power from their husband. Another one of his reforms was that the potential rivals of someone who got to the throne would be exiled and no longer able to partake in political affairs, as to prevent plots against the emperor and fights over succession. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bassett - **Yongle (Yunglo)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bates - **Ferdinand Magellan __ -- -- __ A Portuguese explorer who was the first person to organize a voyage that would circumnavigate the world, though he did not complete the voyage because he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines, the journey was from 1519-1522. He was searching for a westward route to the Spice Islands, and Asia under the orders of King Charles the I of Spain. His voyage was the first to sail from the Atlantic into the Pacific using the Strait of Magellan which was named after Magellan. Five ships set sail under his command in 1519, one was wrecked in a storm at Puerto San, one deserted while they were supposed to be scouting the Strait of Magellan, another was burned because they did not have enough men to pilot all three, so only two ships of the five that left returned to spain after making it all the way around the world.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boboy - **Zhenghe- Zheng He (1371–1433), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. As a favorite of the Yongle Emperor, whose usurpation he assisted, he rose to the top of the imperial hierarchy and served as commander of the southern capital Nanjing.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boyer - **Matteo Ricci
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Caliman - **Nurachi (Qing):
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elbushra - **Toyotomi Hideyoshi--
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eubank - **Ieyasu Tokugawa
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fackrell - **Nobunaga

=**__<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Review Questions: __**= > God - Many of the early European explorers came to North America as missionaries, to convert the indigenous population. Also, once the situation in Europe began to change, many of the sects that were not welcome in Europe moved the North America to escape persecution. > Gold - Not just gold in the literal sense but gold as in money. There were vast, largely untapped natural resources in North America that the explorers (quite rightly) believed could be shipped back home for massive profit. We have only to look at what would become the fur trade to realize the true profitability of North America. > Glory - Tied in with gold in many ways, this was both personal gloryland glory for ones own country. There was a lot of prestige associated with founding a new settlement or discovering a new natural resource and so many of the explorers sought to 'out-glory' one another and become the most well-known. > **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Spanish view the idea of the conquest of the New World? // ** Wellll...if we're talking about the Spanish then there are four main, big reasons why. First, the Spanish had much better technology than the natives did. Wheras the Inca and Aztecs were armed with bows and spears, the Spanish were armed with muskets and cannons. Because the Inca and Aztecs had never really seen horses and gunpowder, some of them thought they were fighting gods or demons...which is understandable I guess. This helped make up for what the Spanish lacked in numbers. Another reason was the diseases the Spanish brought with them. Spanish had gained to smallpox and the plague after centuries of exposure. But the Europeans didn't have much exposure to these diseases, therefore killing millions of them, BY ACCIDENT!! Amazing huh (: These were diseases such as smallpox, typhus, measles and influenza. Another advantage the Spanish had was the fact that many of the smaller tribes were willing to ally with the Spanish against the larger tribes. These alliances were particularly useful against the Aztecs. Because the Aztecs had ruthlessly suppressed their neighbors, it did not take much convincing to get those neighbors to work with the Spanish to destroy the Aztec Empire.  Lastly, against their European rivals for the territorry, Spain had the advantage of being first in the New World and possessing one of the best navies in the world at the time. This made it difficult for anyone alse,...with the exception of the Portuguese of course. (: > It has been estimated that in 1600, the population of Africa stood at about 50 million people, or thirty per cent of the combined populations of the New World, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. By 1900 the population of Africa had grown to 70 million, but made up only ten per cent of the total combined population. Furthermore, the population of Africa in 1850 has been estimated to have been only about half of what it would have been had slavery and the slave trade not been a factor in African history. > **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Prior to the arrival of Europeans, what was the nature of the slave trade in Africa? // **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Gilbert - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Spanish policy for land distribution in the New World? // **
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Harper - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is an encomienda? // **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heald - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why is Cabral influential to American history? // **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hunt - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What role do <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] play in the discovery of the New World? // **
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jenkins - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Labor (and the shortage of it) are critical problems for the European colonies in the New World. What solutions are implemented to resolve this issue? // **
 * 6) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the growth of the sugar industry change the world? Created a self sustaining demand. The slaves would work on a sugar plantation because sugar is so labor intensive. // **
 * 7) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">To what group of people does the phrase “God, gold, and glory” apply? // "God, Gold, and Glory" essentially describes the motivations of various European explorers. This is an oversimplification of the issues but it is succinct.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What factors made the conquest of the New World easier? // **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - ****//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> What factors led to increased use of African slavery in the New World? The main income of the portuguese economy came from the sugar plantation in their colony of brazil, but the sugar plantations required a lot of labor. The portuguese had already killed of most of the native indians due to european diseases and harsh labor so they needed more people to work on  //**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">**//the land and that led to the increased use of African slavery in the New World. Also with the spanish colonies in mexico a//**
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the first European city established in the modern United States? // **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">According to your textbook, who was Gauman Poma, and what was his contribution to the history of the West? // **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the Spanish of the New World differ from the experience of the Portuguese? How are the settlement patterns of these two cultures similar? // **
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Given the wide variety of Indian groups in the New World (all of whom have significantly distinct cultures) <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] response of Native Americans to the presence of the Spanish and Portuguese after 1500? // **
 * 6) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Outside of the mining industry, how do the nations of Europe <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] the profitability of their colonial ventures in the New World? // **
 * 7) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What accounts for the general failure of eighteenth century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule? // **
 * 8) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the impact of the Bourbon reforms on the Latin American colonial economy? // **
 * 9) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What Spanish dynasty was responsible for the series of eighteenth century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas?- // The Bourbon dynasty was responsible for the series of eighteenth century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas. **
 * 10) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Ali - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the basis for the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas? // American society was based on both ethnicity and race. American society placed whites at the top of the social hierarchy, slaves at the bottom, and free men and women of color in an intermediary position. Within the slave community itself, there is some evidence that members of the African elite who had been sold into slavery continued to exercise authority in the New World. Slave communities, in some cases, continued to recognize ethnic divisions derived from African origins.
 * 11) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Arellano - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How was Portugal negatively affected by the discovery of gold in Brazil? // Portugal could buy the manufactured goods it needed for itself and its colonies, as few industries were developed in the mother country. As a result, much of the Brazilian gold flowed from Portugal to England to pay for manufactured goods and to compensate for trade imbalance because the value of English manufacturers was greater than that of Portuguese wine.
 * 12) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Baker - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What conditions undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy? // **
 * 13) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Barner - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Brazilian model of a plantation colony impact the Western Hemisphere?: // **** Basically, the whole idea of a plantation colony in the Americas came from Brazil's example. If it wasn't for the Portuguese establishing Brazil the way that they did, then plantation slavery wouldn't have existed. Originally, all the colonies (Spanish colonies at least) started out by using Indian labor, which didn't last very long because they were either worked to the point of death, or were wiped out by all the European diseases that were coming with the new settlers. So, they had to come up with a new method of getting free or cheap labor, and that's where the Africans come into play. They started using slaves for their work which was pretty much a never ending supply of labor for all intents and purposes. When the Colombian Exchange started between Africa, the Americas, and the European countries, slaves were just another one of the petty things traded like it was nothing. As the slaves went out of Africa, those who took advantage and sold the slaves were making a profit, something they used to purchase protection in the form of firearms, which they then used to gather up more slaves, so, it was basically a really good system for everyone except those who were getting sold into slavery. **
 * 14) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bassett - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What impact did the Catholic Church have on the development of American culture and daily living? // **
 * 15) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bates - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Spain govern its colonial possessions in the New World? // __ -- -- __** The Spanish controlled its colonies by using viceroys or vice-kings. These viceroys were people who were trusted by the king of Spain. Spain had taken control of a land that was already occupied by people, and those people weren't wiped out, the Indians that survived impacted how Spain ruled its colonies. They had permits that Spanish men could obtain to force the Indianss into working for them with minimum wage that was hardley ever actually paid. There were natives that did become part of the governing power over Spain, in fact Spain let some Indian rulers continue to rule but they had to pay tribute to Spain. How Spain ruled their colonies changed during the Borbon reforms, taxes got tighter and the Indians, and corrupt aristocrats lost their power. Spain did its best to govern it's colonies with an iron fist.
 * 16) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boboy - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the Spanish colonial economy? // - Mercury was indispensable(essential) to the extraction of silver from ore-bearing rock.Silver ore,was ubiquitous, and silver mining was the key to the economy of colonial Peru, and, indeed, fueled Spanish imperial activities. There were dozens of quickly exploited mines. The most famous was Potosí; the mountain, which had been known by native miners, was "discovered" by Spaniards in April 1545. Within months there were more than a dozen significant mine operators, each vying to secure the richest veins and competing for laborers. A principal problem was extracting the silver from the crushed ore, which required substantial heat. There was no coal, or even wood for charcoal, at Potosí's elevation of 13,123 feet (4,000 m). Native technology relied on small puna-grass-fired blast furnaces located on the top of slopes where wind was strong and predictable. Such a method of combustion functioned only while the supply lasted. Fortunately, it was discovered that mercury has an affinity for silver, and under the right conditions combines with it, extracting silver from crushed ore. The amalgam can be heated at relatively low temperatures, the mercury comes off as a gas, and the molten silver remains to be poured into a mold to form an ingot. One of the world's richest sources of mercury was discovered at Huancavelica in Peru's central Andes in 1565.Overall Mercury because of its ability to combine with silver helped the Spanish obtain silver which in turn boosted their economy and earned them a lot of profit and without it the Spanish colonial economy would have severely plummeted.
 * 17) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boyer - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did Western European nations engage in the African slave trade? // **
 * 18) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Caliman - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the economic factors that increased pressure to utilize slavery? // ** The discovery of goods that could be processed and sold or traded such as sugar made the need for a working class greater. Because such tasks were very rigorous and hard to complete, people didn't willingly want to work. Forced work, slavery, would enable the Europeans to not only get the work done, but more efficiently because it's the only thing those people had to do. Other factors such as the growing popularity of agriculture and mining in South America helped encourage slavery.
 * 19) ==**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Elbushra - ** What factors encouraged Western Europeans to utilize African slaves over other sources of coerced labor-- Slaves were used rather than other sources of labor mostly because they worked for "free". More importantly the only other race of people that would be capable to supply the labor would be the native Americans. However, most of the native Americans were killed by disease or hard labor in process of making sugar. ==
 * 20) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Eubank - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What nations established trading outposts in Africa during this time period? Where were these outposts located? // **
 * 21) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Fackrell - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why was most of the European <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] in Africa limited to coastal regions? // **
 * 22) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Gilbert - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Middle Passage? // **
 * 23) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Harper - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Most of the slaves brought to the Americas ended up in what locations? // **
 * 24) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heald - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the cultural impacts of slavery on the New World? // **
 * 25) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hunt - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the differences between the Trans - Atlantic slave trade and the Trans - Saharan slave trade? // **
 * 26) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jenkins - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How were most of slaves in the Trans - Atlantic trade acquired? // **
 * 27) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the demographic impact of the slave trade on both Africa and the Americas? // The trans-Atlantic slave trade seriously affected the demographic growth of many African societies directly, and had a more subtle impact on many others. As stated above, the disruption caused by the forced migration of many young men from villages meant a shift in marriage patterns as the number of marriageable men declined. For many societies on the West coast of Africa during the trans-Atlantic slave trade, populations either declined, remained constant, or had very little growth, usually suffering a varying disproportion between the numbers of men and women. For the Upper Guinea Coast, for example, slave exports were great enough during the latter half of the eighteenth century to reduce the regional population, and halt growth into the first decade of the nineteenth century. During this period the ratio of men to women dropped to below eighty men per one hundred women. In those societies where there were few slaves taken, population growth was more constant, although demographic effects of the slave trade were still a factor. The disruption caused by inter-tribal warfare and the capturing of slaves for the European market often heightened the effects of natural disasters such as disease or famine. The effects of a famine could be greatly magnified if fewer people of a village were available to produce food, and a higher death toll as a result would reduce the population even more. As well, the continual interaction between villages brought about by the migrations of slaves across Africa facilitated the spread of diseases, further disrupting the growth of populations. These disruptions were especially devastating for the region of Angola, where an increase in slave exports in the nineteenth century resulted in an even greater decline in population.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - ** What is meant by the term “triangular trade”? Triangular trade, or triangle trade, is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying [|trade imbalances] between the above regions.The particular routes were historically also shaped by the powerful influence of [|winds and currents] during the [|age of sail]. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of [|30 N latitude] and reaching the so-called "[|trade winds]"; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the [|North American mainland]. Returning from North America, it is easiest to follow the [|Gulf Stream] in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies. A similar triangle to this, called the [|volta do mar] was already being used by the Portuguese, before Columbus' voyage, to sail to the Canary Island and the [|Azores]. Columbus simply expanded the triangle outwards, and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach, and return from, the Americas.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the political and economic impact of the Western European entrance into the African slave trade? // **
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the nature of the slave trade in East Africa? // **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did East Africa compare with West Africa in terms of trade? // **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the final destination of the slaves purchased in East Africa? // **
 * 5) one of the many destinations of the slaves purchased was the americas paricularly the plantations in brazil. This map show many of the other places they went.



> In the west was an Arab zone anchored on the glass-, carpet-, and tapestry-making Islamic heartlands at the head of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. India, with its superb cotton textiles, dominated the central portions of the system, and China, which excelled in producing paper, porcelain, and silk textiles, formed the eastern pole. In between or on the fringes of the three great manufacturing centers were areas such as Japan, the mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia, and the port cities of east Africa that fed mainly raw materials--precious metals, foods, and forest products--Into the trading network. > **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did the Ming Dynasty adopt a policy of isolation after the death Yongle? // The explorations which were conducted under the Yongle Emperor were ended because they didn't profit anybody but him. Also, the fleets were extremely expensive and unnecessary because Ming China's main threats came from the Mongolians in the North, not from any sea borne threats. The Yongle Emperor had already conducted many wars and military campaigns during his reign and he was sapping away all the governments money.Trade was restricted and looked down upon because the Confusion Ministers were gaining a lot of influence and trade went against the confusion doctrine. It was the early 15th century. Ming China was the world's most powerful country and there was essentially nothing they needed or wanted from the outside, "barbaric and uncivilized," world.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What part of Africa was least affected by the slave trade? // **
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What factors led to the end of the slave trade in Europe and the Americas? // **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the leaders of the European abolition movements? // **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the three trading zones that were discussed in chapter 22? - // **
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What goods were exchanged in this trade network? // **
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who was Vasco de Gama, and why is he significant enough to be mentioned in my review sheet? // - Vasco de Gama was a Portuguese explorer and he commanded the ships from Europe to India. He is one of the most famous and celebrated explorers from the Discovery Ages. This discovery is significant because he paved the way for the Portuguese to establish a long lasting colonial empire in Asia (made voyage easier.) He also brought many spices to Europe from Calicut. **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - ****//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">What Europeans were involved in the Asian/Indian trade network? - // The Portuguese and Dutch were involved in the Asian/Indian trade network. **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the centers of European trade in the Far East? // **
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Dutch and British imperial experiences compare with each other – how were they different. // **
 * 6) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Spanish commerce in the Far East has focused on what locations? // **
 * 7) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Spanish impact on trade in the Far East? What were the primary factors that led to this situation? // **
 * 8) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What role did the Christian Church play in the Far East? // **
 * 9) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How successful was the Church in converting the peoples of India and China to Christianity? What strategies were employed in the accomplishment of those goals? // **
 * 10) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Ming administration differ from the preceding Yuan Dynasty? // **
 * 11) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What led to the resurgence of the Scholar - Gentry during the Ming Dynasty? // **
 * 12) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Confucianism change during the Ming Dynasty? // **
 * 13) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Ming Dynasty differed from previous Chinese dynasties because of their entrance into Indian Ocean trade network. Describe the consequences of the Chinese expansion of trade, both in China and the rest of the region. // **
 * 14) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Columbian Exchange impact China? // The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population. Maize and potatoes became very important crops inEurasia by the 1700s. Peanuts and manioc flourished in tropical Southeast Asian and West African soils that otherwise would not produce large yields or support large populations.
 * 1) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jenkins - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Chinese isolation differ from Japanese isolation. // **
 * 2) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hunt - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;">[[image:http://solidsaving-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png width="10" height="10"]] series of events that lead to the rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate? // **
 * 3) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heald - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Christianity impact Japan during this time period? // **
 * 4) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Harper - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the School on National Learning? // **
 * 5) **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Gilbert - **** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Dutch School? // **