Unit+04+Review+(26,27)

ntrAP World History [B] = Identification: =
 * Directions ** : At the very least you need to explain the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of these terms, so that everyone can clearly understand their significance. Wherever possible, please provide an image so as to make remembering all of the happy stuff a little bit easier.


 * Ali - ** Abdul Hamid II
 * Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective autocratic control over the fracturing state.
 * Born: September 22, 1842, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Turkey
 * Died: February 10, 1918, Beylerbeyi
 * Parents: Abdülmecid I, Rahime Perestu Sultan, Tirimüjgan Sultan
 * Siblings: Mehmed V, Murad V
 * Spouse: Saliha Naciye Haseki Kadın Efendi (m. 2019),
 * Children: Refia Sultan, Zekiye Sultan, Naile Sultan,

__**Arellano - **Al - Afghani__ was a [|political] activist and [|Islamic] ideologist in the Muslim world during the late 19th century, particularly in the Middle East, South Asia and Europe. One of the founders of Islamic Modernism and an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity, he has been described as "less interested in theology than he was in organizing a Muslim response to Western pressure." Al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of "traditional" religious antipathy toward non-Muslims "to a modern critique of [|Western] imperialism and an appeal for the unity of Islam", urging the adoption of Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam


 * Baker - **Alexander I

__**Barner - **Alexander II:__ ** Alexander II, or later to be known as Alexander the Liberator, served as the Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881, is most famously known for the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is 1861. He was the son of Nicholas I, and it was under Alexander II when the Crimean war occurred, thus forcing Alexander to force Industrialization on Russia. To accomplish this, he started a series of reforms aimed to increase their military power, establishing a new judicial administration, and bettering the existing bureaucracy. Despite surviving/putting down numerous assassination attempts, he was assassinated in 1881 at Saint Petersburg. **


 * Bassett - **Alexander III

__**Bates - **American Civil War:__

When: The war began when Confederate warships bombarded Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. The war ended in Spring, 1865 when Robert E. Lee surrendered the last major Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The last battle was fought at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 13, 1865 a full month after the war had ended.

Where: The Civil War was fought in many different across the territory owned by the United States in 1860. Some major battles include: The battle of Bull Run, in Virginia, where the Union army fought under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell against the soldiers stationed at Bull Run behind Centreville and they were defeated by Thomas J. Jackson who earned his nickname 'Stonewall Jackson' after the battle, the Battle of Gettysburg where Gen. Robert E. Lee fought against Union Gen. George G. Meade 's army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania where Lee's second invasion of the North failed after a battle that lasted three days, The third battle of Petersburg where the Union Generals Ulysses Grant, and George Meade captured the City of Petersburg which led to the fall of Richmond. The war was also fought using naval forces with battles along the Mississippi, and extending from the coast as far as France.

Who: The Civil War was fought by American soldiers that were separated into two groups, The Union and The Confederacy. In total 2,128,948 Union soldiers fought and 1,082,119 Confederate soldiers fought and in the end an estimated 620,000-850,000 thousand Americans died which is more then in both World Wars combined. It was fought be all those who lived in America, White men, Black men, Women, 12 year old boys and old men in their sixties.

Why: A uthor James McPherson writes that, "The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. When Abraham Lincoln won election in 1860 as the first Republican president on a platform pledging to keep slavery out of the territories, seven slave states in the deep South seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. The incoming Lincoln administration and most of the Northern people refused to recognize the legitimacy of secession. They feared that it would discredit democracy and create a fatal precedent that would eventually fragment the no-longer United States into several small, squabbling countries." The United States Supreme Court declared that the secession of the seven states was unconstitutional, and when Confederate soldiers attacked the Union at Fort Sumter the war began.

Bloody Sunday 1905 began as a relatively peaceful protest by disgruntled steel workers in St Petersburg. Angered by poor working conditions, an economic slump and the ongoing war with Japan, thousands marched on the Winter Palace to plead with Tsar Nicholas II for reform. But the tsar was not present and the workers were instead gunned down on the streets by panicky soldiers. At another time in Russian history, the mass killing of dissident civilians might have frightened the rest of the population into silent obedience – but the authority of the tsarist regime had been diminishing for months. Popular respect and affection for the tsar, already in decline prior, took a sudden turn for the worse.
 * Boboy - **Bloody Sunday- Bloody Sunday was the name that came to be given to the events of January 22,1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard when approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points. The shooting did not occur in the Palace Square. Bloody Sunday was an event with grave consequences for the Tsarist regime, as the disregard for ordinary people shown by the reaction of the authorities undermined support for the state. The events which occurred on this Sunday have been assessed by historians, including Lionel Kochan in his book Russia in Revolution 1890-1918, to be one of the key events which led to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

__**Boyer - **Boxer Rebellion__

a [|Russian] physician, [|dramaturge] and author who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short stories in history.[|[3]] His career as a dramatist produced four classics and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics.[|[4]][|[5]] Chekhov practiced as a [|medical doctor] throughout most of his literary career: "Medicine is my lawful wife", he once said, "and literature is my mistress."[|[6]]
 * Caliman - **Chekhov: 1860 - 1904

__**Elbushra - **Cixi--__ Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a powerful and charismatic woman who unofficially but effectively controlled the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years, from 1861 to her death in 1908.

Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854 and is often associated with the Open Door Policy. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy in the US.
 * Eubank - **Commodore Matthew Perry -

__**Fackrell - **Count Sergei Witte__


 * Gilbert - **Crimean War

__**Harper - **Diet__ The National Diet is Japan's bicameral legislature. It is composed of a lower house that is called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors. Both houses of the Diet are directly elected under a parallel voting system. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for selecting the Prime Minister. The Diet was first convened as the Imperial Diet in 1889 as a result of adopting the Meiji Constitution. The Diet took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the postwar constitution and is considered by the Constitution to be the highest organ of state power. The Duma was council assemblies which were created by the Czar of Russia. Simply, it is a form of Russian governmental institution that was formed during the reign of the last Tsar, Nicholas II. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ('Municipal dumas'), and city and regional legislative bodies in the Russian Federation.
 * Heald - **Duma

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt - **Ferdinand DeLesseps--- Ferdinand was a French diplomat, and also the designer of the Suez Canal. He also attempted to construct the Panama Canal, but was stopped by an epidemic of malaria and yellow fever.__

Hong Xiuquan (1814 – 1864) was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. __**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - ** Iwasaki Yataro- (born Jan. 9, 1835, Tosa province, Japan—died Feb. 7, 1885, Tokyo), industrial entrepreneur who founded the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, the second largest of the family-owned industrial-financial combines that dominated the economic life of Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Of petty samurai (warrior class) origin, Iwasaki began his business career as the financial manager of the feudal fief of Tosa. When the new imperial government, established in 1868, dissolved the various feudal domains into which Japan had previously been divided, Iwasaki was able to transfer the fief’s shipping interests into his own concern, which in 1873 he named the Mitsubishi Commercial Company (Mitsubishi Shōkai). Under Iwasaki’s management the company flourished, and the new government administration, which desired to end Japanese dependence on foreign shipping, encouraged him, in 1884, to acquire the newly built government shipyard at Nagasaki. Under the direction of Iwasaki and his descendants, Mitsubishi branched out into numerous other industrial and commercial activities. __
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jenkins - **Hong Xiuquan

19 May 1881 ([|conventional]) – 10 November 1938) was a [|Turkish] army officer in the [|Ottoman] military, revolutionary[|statesman], and the first [|President of Turkey]. He is credited with being the [|founder] of the[|Republic of Turkey]. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1Atatürk was a military officer during World War I.[|[2]] Following the defeat of the [|Ottoman Empire] in World War I, he led the [|Turkish national movement] in the [|Turkish War of Independence]. Having established [|a provisional government] in [|Ankara], he defeated the forces sent by the [|Allies]. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, [|secular], and democratic nation-state.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - ** Kemal Ataturk-

Juell - Leon Trotsky

Lin Zexu (30 August 1785- 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese scholar and official of the Qing Dynasty. He is most known for his conduct and his constant position on the "moral high ground" in his fight, as a "shepherd" of his people, against the opium trade in Guangzhou. Although the non-medicinal consumption of opium was banned by the Yongzheng Emperor in 1729, by the 1830s, China's economy and society were being seriously affected by huge imports of opium from British and other foreign traders based in the city. Lin's forceful opposition to the trade on moral and social grounds is considered to be the primary catalyst for the First Opium War of 1839-42. Because of this firm stance, he has subsequently been considered as a role model for moral governance, particularly by the Chinese.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - ** Lin Zexu

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Looney - **Lord Cardigan__


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Martinez - **Lord George Macartney

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Measom - **Lord Raglan__ **FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan**, Sept. 30, 1788, Eng.—died June 28, 1855, Crimea, Russia), field marshal, first **British commander in chief during the Crimean War**. In 1852 he became master general of the ordnance and was created Baron Raglan. After Great Britain declared war on Russia (March 27, 1854), he **led a force that was sent first to Turkey and then to the Crimea, where it landed along with French and Turkish armies**. The Allies won the Battle of the Alma River (September 20), but, forfeiting their advantage, they delayed their attack on Sevastopol until October and thus allowed the Russians to build up their defenses. **An inexperienced commander in chief in a difficult situation, Raglan was blamed for the campaign’s lack of progress and for the suffering of his troops**, who **lacked adequate supplies and shelter during the winter of 1854–55**. Gravely ill, he resumed the siege of Sevastopol in the spring but died shortly after a serious Allied defeat.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Monteith - **Mahmud II

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nguyen - **Mamluks- The Mamluks lived in Egypt and Syria and ruled from 1250 until 1517, when Napoleon decided to come and take over. After the French ruled for a while, Britain decides to come in and force the French out and the new leader becomes Muhammad Ali. __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rajpurohit - **Molotov

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rivers - **Muhammad Achmad -__ Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah was a religious leader of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who, on June 29, 1881, proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schaefer - **Muhammad Ali-born March 4 1769 and died August 2 1849, he was a commander in the Ottoman Army, who became Wali, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottoman's temporary approval, he is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted although he isn't considered a modern nationalist and he also ruled Levantine territories outside Egypt

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas - Mutsuhito- (1852-1912)Mutsuhito aka Emperor Meiji was the 122nd Emperor of Japan. He presided over a time of rapid change in the Empire of Japan, as the nation changed from a feudal state to a capitalist and imperial world power characterized by the Industrial Revolution in Japan. Before he died Japan had undergone a political, social, and industrial revolution. In 1868 he had took the "Charter Oath of Five Principles" which launched Japan in the course of westernization. He ordered the abolition of feudal land system (1871), the creation of a new school system (1872), and adoption of the cabinet system of government (1885). He played active roles in the prosecution of the Sino-Japanese war (1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese war (1904-05). in 1910 he issued an edict the proclaiming the annexation of Korea to Japan. **__


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ali - **Napoleon

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arellano - **Nicholas I__was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. He was the younger brother of his childless predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him, and went on to become the most reactionary of Russian monarchs. In his last years, Nicholas I led the Russian army in the unsuccessful Crimean War. However, he was also instrumental in helping to create an independent Greek state and defeated the Ottoman empire in the Russo-Turkish war 1828-1829. Thus he was a key player in the ascendency of Russia as a world power and helped hasten the disintegration of the aging Ottoman empire


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Baker - **Nicholas II

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Barner - **Opium War:__ ** The Opium War was fought between China and Great Britain 1839-1842 over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals. All the tension leading up to this war started when Britain noticed a great amount of their silver pouring into China, but only getting useless luxury goods in return. So, Britain being themselves, decided to change the trade relationship, and started to sell opium that was grown in India to China to get their money back. Since China had such a sinocentric view of themselves in the world, it came as a huge shocker to them when they realized that all this trade and Britain's authority in China meant that there were actually others in the world that were equal to China on any level. After a great deal of money had gone out of China, the Emperor decided to employ Lin Zexu to go and boot the Europeans out of the ports of China and to destroy any remnants of opium that he could find. This ended with the Chinese failing, a treaty being made to allow European trading in 5 ports, and the realization that China isn't really all its cracked up to be. **


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bassett - **Pushkin

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bates - **Puyi__


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boboy - **Qianlong- The Qianlong Emperor (Chien-lung Emperor; born Hongli September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. On 8 February, he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor – a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor.Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuation of an era of prosperity in China, his final years saw troubles at home and abroad converge on the Qing Empire. Qianlong was determined to expand the Chinese empire even further than the Tang (618-906) had done. Under his reign, Tibet became a protectorate, Ili and Turkestan were conquered, and Burma acknowledged Chinese suzerainty, as did the Gurkas of Nepal. Only in the last decade of his reign, when Qianlong delegated many decisions to a powerful eunuch, did corruption and inefficiency weaken the empire.

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Boyer - **Rasputin__


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Caliman - **Rimsky - Korsikov

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elbushra - **Russo - Japanese War--__

military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. Ended with Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 or 29 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was killed by a group of assassins subsequently after a Janissary revolt.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eubank - **Selim III -

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fackrell - **Spanish - American War__


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gilbert - **Sun Yat Sen

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Harper - **Taipeng Rebellion__ The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. It was a millenarian movement led by Hong Xiuquan, who announced that he had received visions in which he learned that he was the younger brother of Jesus. At least 20 million people died, mainly civilians, in one of the deadliest military conflicts in history.

Hong established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with its capital at Nanjing. The Kingdom's army controlled large parts of southern China, at its height ruling about 30 million people. The rebel agenda included social reforms such as shared "property in common," equality for women, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion with their form of Christianity. Because of their refusal to wear the queue, Taiping combatants were nicknamed "Longhairs" by the Qing government, which besieged the Taiping armies throughout the rebellion. The Qing government eventually crushed the rebellion with the aid of French and British forces.

In the 20th century, Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party, looked on the rebellion as an inspiration, and Chinese leader Mao Zedong glorified the Taiping rebels as early heroic revolutionaries against a corrupt feudal system. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (/ˈpjɔːtər ɪˈliɪtʃ tʃaɪˈkɒfski/; Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский; tr. Pyotr Ilyich Chaykovsky; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893), often anglicised as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky /ˈpiːtər .../, was a Russian composer whose works included symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, chamber music, and a choral setting of the Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy. Some of these are among the most popular theatrical music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, which he bolstered with appearances as a guest conductor later in his career in Europe and the United States. One of these appearances was at the inaugural concert of Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1891. Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884 by Emperor Alexander III, and awarded a lifetime pension in the late 1880s. Although musically precocious, Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant. There was scant opportunity for a musical career in Russia at that time, and no system of public music education. When an opportunity for such an education arose, he entered the nascent Saint Petersburg Conservatory, from which he graduated in 1865. The formal Western-oriented teaching he received there set him apart from composers of the contemporary nationalist movement embodied by the Russian composers of The Five, with whom his professional relationship was mixed. Tchaikovsky's training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood. From this reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style—a task that did not prove easy. The principles that governed melody, harmony and other fundamentals of Russian music ran completely counter to those that governed Western European music; this seemed to defeat the potential for using Russian music in large-scale Western composition or from forming a composite style, and it caused personal antipathies that dented Tchaikovsky's self-confidence. Russian culture exhibited a split personality, with its native and adopted elements having drifted apart increasingly since the time of Peter the Great, and this resulted in uncertainty among the intelligentsia of the country's national identity. Despite his many popular successes, Tchaikovsky's life was punctuated by personal crises and depression. Contributory factors included his leaving his mother for boarding school, his mother's early death, as well as that of his close friend and colleague Nikolai Rubinstein, and the collapse of the one enduring relationship of his adult life, his 13-year association with the wealthy widow Nadezhda von Meck. His homosexuality, which he kept private, has traditionally also been considered a major factor, though some musicologists now downplay its importance. His sudden death at the age of 53 is generally ascribed to cholera; there is an ongoing debate as to whether it was accidental or self-inflicted. While his music has remained popular among audiences, critical opinions were initially mixed. Some Russians did not feel it sufficiently representative of native musical values and were suspicious that Europeans accepted it for its Western elements. In apparent reinforcement of the latter claim, some Europeans lauded Tchaikovsky for offering music more substantive than base exoticism, and thus transcending stereotypes of Russian classical music. Tchaikovsky's music was dismissed as "lacking in elevated thought," according to longtime New York Times music critic Harold C. Schonberg, and its formal workings were derided as deficient for not following Western principles stringently.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Heald - **Tchaikovsky

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hunt - **The Capitulations--- Contracts signed by European powers and the Ottoman Empire that protected traders entering the Empire from open and public persecution, local taxing, and searches of their housing.__

The Holy Alliance was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. __**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Johnson - **The Mahdist Revolt- In May 1881, Muhammad Ahmad (ibn al-Sayyid Abd Allah [1845–1885]) declared his divine mission as the expected Mahdi to summon the people to drive their infidel Turco-Egyptian rulers from the Sudan and establish a purified society based on Islamic principles. Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi was born at Darar among the islands of the Nile in Dongola Province, the son of a local boatbuilder who claimed descent from the Prophet. After leaving a qur᾽anic school in Omdurman, Muhammad Ahmad joined his father at Aba Island on the White Nile 150 miles south of Khartoum, where he attached himself to the Isma῾iliya religious brotherhood. __ __ Here he enhanced his reputation as a descendant of the Prophet by his piety and asceticism. Angered by the worldliness of his teacher he left Aba Island to give his allegiance to Sheikh al-Qurashi wad al-Zain (c. 1796–1858) of the Sammaniya brotherhood. Muhammad Ahmad toured Kordofan in 1880, where he discovered the people incensed by the maladministration of the incompetent alien Egyptian government and ready for revolt—which the Mahdi was determined to lead by his teachings to return to the puritanical precepts of primitive Islam that combined elements of the Wahhabism of Arabia and the Sanusiya of Libya with the mysticism of Sudanese Sufism. After resisting several attempts by the government to arrest him, the Mahdi retired with his followers (called the Ansar) to Jabal Qadir in the Nuba Mountains, where in 1882 they massacred a force of seven thousand troops under Rashid Bey Ayman (1840–1882) sent to capture him. Although his former teacher and the orthodox Mighaniya brotherhood excommunicated the __ __ Mahdi, he was now supported by a revolt that swept through the whole Sudan and that enabled his Ansar to destroy a second government force in the Nuba Mountains and besiege the provincial capital of El Obeid until the Egyptian garrison surrendered in January 1883. The fall of El Obeid determined the government to destroy the Mahdi once and for all by sending an army of ten thousand troops led by the British colonel W. Hicks Pasha into Kordofan, where it, too, was massacred at Shaykan (Kashgil), in October 1883, after which the Mahdist forces overran the whole of the Sudan—the Bahr al-Ghazal in the south, Darfur in the west, and the Red Sea Hills in the east. Khartoum was besieged, and the Mahdi himself appeared in October 1884 to establish his capital at Omdurman on the White Nile opposite Khartoum. After a gallant resistance organized by General Charles George Gordon Pasha, who had been sent to withdraw the beleaguered Egyptian garrison, Khartoum fell and Gordon was killed on 26 January 1885. When a small British column sent to rescue Gordon arrived too late, it returned down the Nile, leaving the Mahdi in control of the whole of the Sudan except for the enclaves of Wadi Halfa on the Egyptian southern frontier and Sawakin in the Red Sea. The Mahdist revolt was over, but the Mahdi died five months after the fall of Khartoum on 22 June 1885, leaving the task of organizing the Mahdist state to his faithful confidant and general, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (1846–1899). __
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jenkins - **the Holy Alliance

The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (Russian:Отдѣленіе по Охраненію Общественной Безопасности и Порядка), usually called "guard department" (okhrannoye otdelenie) and commonly abbreviated in modern sources as Okhrana[|[1]] or Okhranka[|[2]] in Russia,[|[3]] was a secret policeforce of the Russian Empire and part of the police department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in the late 19th century, aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes.It was formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity.[|[4]] The Okhrana operated offices throughout the Russian Empire and in a number of foreign satellite agencies concerned primarily with monitoring the activities of Russian revolutionaries abroad, most notably in Paris, where Pyotr Rachkovsky was based (1884–1902).The task was performed by any means, including covert operations, undercover agents, and "perlustration" — reading of private correspondence. Even the Foreign Agency served this purpose. The Okhrana is notorious for its agents provocateurs, including Dr.Jacob Zhitomirsky (a leading Bolshevik and close associate of Vladimir Lenin), Yevno Azef, Roman Malinovsky and Dmitry Bogrov.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jones - **the Okhrana

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Juell - **Tolstoy__

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian Communist revolutionary,politician and political therorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917 and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theroretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Marxism-Leninism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin gained an imterest in revolutionary leftist politics following the execution of his brother in 1887. Briefly attending the Kazan State University, he was ejected from his involvement in anti-Tsarist protests, devoting the following years to gaining a law degree and to radical politics, becoming a Marxist. In 1893 he moved to Saint Petersburg, becoming a senior figure within the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. Arrested for sedition and exiled to Siberia for three years, he married Nadezhda Krupskaya and fled to Western Europe, livin in Germany, Englamd and Switzerland. Folowing the February Revolution of 1917, in which the Tsar was overthrown and a Provisional Government and the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Immediately afterwards, the new government umder Lenin's leadership proceeded to implement socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates and crown lands to workers' soviets. Faced with he threat of German invasion, he argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty-which led to Russia's exit from the First World War. In 1921 Lenin proposed the New Economic policy, a system of state capitalism and recovery from the Russian Civil War. In 1922, the Russian Empire in becoming the Soviet Union, with Lenin alected as its leader. After his death, Marxisim-Lenimism developed into a variety of schools of though, namely Stalinism, Trotskyism and Maoism. Lenin remains a contraversial and highly divisive world figure. Detractors label him a dictator whose administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses, while supporters cite limitations on his power, and promote him as a champion of the working class. Lenin had a significant influence on the international Communist movement and was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kirchoff - **Vladimir Ilyich Lenin


 * <span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Review Questions: **

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is Social Darwinism? What role does it play in the European colonial movement? __

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the “White Man’s Burden”? Here’s something new – does it <span style="border-image: none; border: currentColor !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important;"> to the European view of the Ottoman Empire? Does it apply to India? What about China? __
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is “jingoism”?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the Haitian Revolution impact the Western Hemisphere? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the Monroe Doctrine, and why does the American government issue it? What is the relationship of the Monroe Doctrine to the Congress of Vienna?- The Monroe Doctrine was put out announce that the United States won't try to take any of Europe's land, and if the Europeans tried to take their land, they would consider it as an act of aggression and would retaliate. The American government issues it because they did not want to lose any land to Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars. The relationship of the Monroe Doctrine to the Congress of Vienna is that the balance of powers was settled at the Congress of Vienna so if a major power were to gain more territory, they would gain more power. For example, the United States didn't want Britain to gain any more land from the US otherwise the English people would gain more power and probably take even more land from other countries.

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How do technological and tactical advancements from the American Civil War impact Western imperialism? __ // __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">HEY! THIS ONE IS IMPORTANT! YOU’D BETTER GET OFF YOUR POSTERIOR AND FIGURE THIS ONE OUT! __ //


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Spanish American War lasted less than half a year and yet was very significant in terms of American Imperialism. Why?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What territory was acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Spanish - American War?-The United States received the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine Islands as a result of the Treaty of Paris(1898) __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the Japanese response to American expansion in the Pacific during the late nineteenth century? ** - In the late 19th century the opening of sugar plantations in the Kingdom of Hawaii led to the immigration of large numbers of Japanese. Hawaii became part of the U.S. in 1898, and the Japanese were the largest element of population then, and have been the largest element ever since. There were some problem of the control of Hawaii and the Philippines, but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands. In the same way, the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea. The nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China (1900), but the U.S. was troubled about Japan's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis. **

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Ali - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">When does the American Frontier officially close? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Arellano - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who is Queen Victoria, and how does she shape the time period?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why was the Mahdist Rebellion so important regarding European colonization of NE Africa? How does it impact the Ottoman Empire? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Barner - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did France and Britain build the Suez Canal?: ** The position of the Suez Canal not only gave the French and British a positional advantage, but also an advantage for trade with the East(India). The Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, which basically meant that it was the prime alternative to sailing all the way around Africa to reach India. Even with the invention of the steam engine/steamship, it would still obviously take considerably longer to sail along the whole coast of Africa, rather than just sailing a 100 miles. It mainly gave them a strategic advantage when it came to trading with India because it cut the distance traveled to get there. Since they were closer, they not only could trade more with India, but they could also put restrictions or taxes on those of other countries who wanted to sail through. All in all, there really weren't any downsides to the construction of the Suez Canal, and the profits it produced depended on other countries and how far they wanted to sail to reach the East. **

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bassett - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why was the Suez Canal of such importance to the British Empire? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bates - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the Ottoman Empire interact with Europe (particularly Western Europe during the 19th century?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boboy - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What factors inhibit Ottoman development during this time period?- __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boyer - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What role do the Turks play in this drama (especially as we move beyond 1880)?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Caliman - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the major actors in this phase of history? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Elbushra - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What are the implications of the decline of the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Eubank - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the Chinese experience with the West compare to that of the Ottoman Turks during the 19th century? __ Since China had gone in to a "state of lonesomeness" ( where they were cut off from the world) they were not industrializing, the ottoman turks had not been industrializing either for what ever reason.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Fackrell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why does China (which has been a cultural, economic and political force for the last 4000 years) stagnate during the 19th century? What factors inhibit China’s development?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Gilbert - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Compare and contrast the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire with that of the Qing Dynasty. __

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Because they promote trade between Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Harper - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why does the Ottoman Empire sign the Capitulations?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heald - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What are the Tanzimat Reforms? Who are the groups opposed to these reforms? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hunt - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does Napoleon impact politics in the Middle East and North Africa?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jenkins - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who are the Janissaries? How do they impact the political landscape in Constantinople? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, and what is their agenda?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who was the leader of the Young Turks? __ The Young Turks were an incredibly diverse group of Turkish citizens who rebelled against Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II and his extremely authoritarian government in the early 20th century. They are often credited with laying the groundwork for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, and they played a very important role in Turkish history. The association of the Young Turks with radical ideas and revolutionary change is so widespread that the term is often used in slang to refer to groups of youthful and politically active individuals who agitate for change.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why is the Ottoman Empire referred to as “the Sick Man of Europe”? What so weakened the empire to reduce it to this state?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to the Crimean War, what are some of the other wars and rebellions in which the Ottoman Empire participated? The Battle of Cetate was fought during the Crimean War. In this battle an Ottoman force under Ahmed Pasha attepted to capture the town of Cetate in Wallachia, but were unsuccessful. There was also the Russo-Turkish wars which were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest conflicts in European history. These were really the only other major battles that I found. __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the impact of a reduced Ottoman presence in the Balkans?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the relationship of the Ottoman Empire to the Armenians? __

The Macartney Embassy, also called the Macartney Mission, was a British embassy to China in 1793. The Mission ran from **1792 to 1794**. It is named for the first envoy of Great Britain to China, George Macartney, who led the endeavour. **The goal of the embassy was to convince Emperor Qianlong of China to ease restrictions on trade between Great Britain and China by allowing Great Britain to have a permanent embassy in Beijing**, possession of "a **small unfortified island near Chusan for the residence of British traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships**," and **reduced tariffs on traders in Canton** (modern day Guangzhou). The **mission failed badly in its attempt to win the trust of the Chinese authorities**.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the purpose of the Macartney Embassy to the court of Qianlong?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did the Qing dynasty resist British overtures to open trade between the two nations? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does Confucianism impact the demise of the Qing dynasty?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did the British hope to gain from the Opium trade in China? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the Chinese respond to the growth of this narcotics trade?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was significant about the Treaty of Nanjing (1842)? Why did the Chinese refer to this (and several other treaties with European nations) as an “Unequal Treaty”?-It was the first of unequal treaties and the Chinese because Britain did nothing in return __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the significance of the Taipeng rebellion? How does it change the relationship between the government and its people? ** - (1850-1864) The Taipeng rebellion was one of the greatest peasant rebellions in Southern China. It was primarily directed against the feudal rule of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The rebel agenda included social reforms such as shared "property in common", equality for women, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese folk religion with their form of Christianity. The Qing government eventually crushed the rebellion with the aid of French and British forces. This hurt the relationship between the government and its people, because the people became more and more rebellious when harsh rules and changes were made. **

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Ali - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What reforms were implemented by the Qing Dynasty during the 19th century? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Arellano - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the consequences of the Crimean War?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Battle of Balaclava? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Barner - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the significance of the Charge of the Light Brigade?: ** During the Crimean War, the British forces, led by Lord Raglan, had a communication issue. Instead of sending the Light Brigade to the Russian artillery battery, who were prepared (but not much) for the Light Brigade, they were sent to a different artillery battery, one that was way more prepared and stacked. So, the British forces charged into battle ill-prepared for the onslaught that was about to hit them. Long story short, they got wrecked and suffered a lot of losses and virtually no gains whatsoever. This charge resulted in a Russian victory in a war that they would lose overall. **

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bassett - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why did Alexander II emancipate the serfs in 1861? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Bates - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the primary Russian composers of the nineteenth century?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boboy - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the primary Russian authors and poets of the time period? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Boyer - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the Decembrist Revolt? How did it impact the Russian Czars of the 19th century?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Caliman - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who were the Russian Czars of the 19th century? What events are significant to the reign of each man? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Elbushra - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who is Count Sergie Witte? How did he impact Russian History?--
 * Count Sergei** Yulyevich **Witte** (Russian: Серге́й Ю́льевич Ви́тте, Sergey Yul'evich Vitte) (29 June [O.S. 17 June] 1849 – 13 March [O.S. 28 February] 1915), also known as Sergius **Witte**, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire.

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Eubank - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who was Pytor Stolypin? At the risk of being redundant…how did he impact Russian History? __ He was prime minister and the leader of the third duma. Stolypin's reforms aimed to stem peasant unrest by creating a class of market-oriented smallholding landowners. He is considered one of the last major statesmen of Imperial Russia with clearly defined public policies and the determination to undertake major reforms.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Fackrell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the importance of the Trans - Siberian Railway?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Gilbert - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What’s a kulak? __ Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mikhail Lermontov - poet - wrote //Death of the Poet// and //A Hero of our Time// Alexander Pushkin - author - wrote //Eugene Onegin// More authors - Ivan Goncharov, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Anton Chekhov (Chekhov's gun) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies/The Nutcracker
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Harper - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">During the 19th century, Russia experiences a cultural golden age. Who were the significant authors, poet, painter, and composers from this time period. What were their significant works?

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - The Flight of the Bumblebee Karl Bryullov - The Last Day of Pompeii Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov - The Appearance of Christ before the People __**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Heald - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reform is the name of the game during the 19th century. What reforms were needed in Russia, and what reforms were attempted during this century? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hunt - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What impact did reform have on Russia?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jenkins - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What were the social and cultural impacts of industrialization on Russia? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Johnson - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Russian government faced growing opposition from a number of leftist groups after 1861? Who were these groups and what was their agenda?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Jones - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who was Rasputin? (why did he suggest reading?) __ He was obsessed by religion and impressed many people with his knowledge and ability to explain the Bible in an uncomplicated way. It was widely believed that Rasputin had a gift for curing bodily ailments. In 1907 Rasputin was invited by Nicholas and Alexandra Feodorovna to heal their only son, [|tsarevich] [|Alexei], who suffered from [|hemophilia]. "In the mind of the Tsarina Rasputin was closely associated with the health of her son. Rasputin was regarded as a [|starets] ("elder") by his followers, who also believed him to be a[|psychic] and [|faith healer]. His critics referred to him by the same term in an ironic fashion. He never considered himself to be a starets. Rasputin spoke an almost incomprehensible Siberian dialect and never preached or spoke in public.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did he influence the Russian government and monarchy?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Kirchoff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Russian government in the 19th century allowed several pogroms. What’s a pogrom, and who were the targets of these pogroms? A pogrom is a violent riot aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews. The term originally entered the English language to describe 19th and 20th century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present-day Ukraine); similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms. The word is now also sometimes used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish ethnic or religious groups. Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom (1881), Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905), Bialystok pogrom (1906) and after the 1917 Russian Revolution, the Lwow (1918) and Kiev pogroms (1919). In 1895 pogroms in Anatolia killed an estimated 200,000 Armenians. The most significant pogrom in Nazi Germany was the Kristallnatch of 1938 in which 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps, 1,000 synagogues birned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Notorious pogroms of World War ll included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 lasi pogrom in Romania-in which over 13,200 Jews were killed-as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in Poland. Post-World War ll pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom, the 1946 Kielce pogrom and the 1947 Aleppo pogrom. Pogroms against non-Jews include the 1914 anti-Serb pogrom in Sarajevo, 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom against Igbos in Southern Nigeria; the 1988 Sumgait and Kirovabad pogroms, and the 1990 Baku pogrom in which ethnic Armenians were targeted. __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Looney - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What impact does the expansion of the United States have on Japan?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Martinez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What is the meiji? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Measom - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What are the meiji reforms?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Monteith - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What happened to the samurai as a result of the meiji reforms? __


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Nguyen - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What was the social and cultural impact of industrialization on Japan?

__**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rajpurohit - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did Russia and Japan approach the problem of industrialization during the 19th century? How did that differ from the west? __

commonly for a huge mega corporation. Japanese for 'corporation'
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Rivers - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">What’s a zaibatsu?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Schaefer - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How does the Japanese government differ at the end of the century from the Japanese government at the beginning of the century?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Thomas - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">How did the development of Japan in the 19th century differ from the development of China during the same time period? ** - **** Japan had military conflicts, advances in science and exploration, Neo-Confusionism was growing among the elites, feudalism was abolished, political power was centralized, constitution was created, and there was the New Parliament, Diet, based on German models, While in China they were increasing contacts with the Western countries, they were in the Opium wars, investigated state structure, systems of economic administration, education, and the sources of their military power. **